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Saturn is less dense than water.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Saturn's mean density is 0.687 g/cm³, lower than water (1 g/cm³). Theoretically, if placed in a sufficiently large ocean, it would float.
The Apollo-Soyuz Test Project in 1975 marked the first joint space mission between the USA and USSR.
- True
- False
Answer: True
ASTP was the first international crewed spaceflight, symbolizing détente during the Cold War, with American and Soviet spacecraft docking in orbit.
Hawking radiation predicts that black holes can slowly lose mass and eventually evaporate.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Stephen Hawking theorized that quantum effects near the event horizon cause black holes to emit thermal radiation, leading to gradual mass loss over immense timescales.
Callisto, a moon of Jupiter, has the oldest and most heavily cratered surface in the solar system.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Callisto shows no signs of geological resurfacing, preserving impact craters dating back over 4 billion years, making it one of the most ancient surfaces known.
The Hertzsprung-Russell diagram plots stars based on their luminosity versus surface temperature.
- True
- False
Answer: True
The H-R diagram is a fundamental tool in stellar astrophysics, classifying stars into main sequence, giants, supergiants, and white dwarfs based on absolute magnitude/luminosity vs. spectral class/temperature.
Sunita Williams holds the record for the most cumulative time spent in space by any woman.
- True
- False
Answer: False
As of recent records, Peggy Whitson holds the record for most cumulative time in space by a woman (>675 days). Sunita Williams has significant time but not the record.
The asteroid belt contains enough mass to form a planet larger than Mars.
- True
- False
Answer: False
The total mass of the asteroid belt is less than 4% of the Moon's mass, far too little to form even a Mars-sized body. Ceres alone accounts for ~25% of the belt's mass.
Brown dwarfs are failed stars that never sustained hydrogen fusion.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Brown dwarfs have masses between giant planets and low-mass stars (~13-80 Jupiter masses). They may briefly fuse deuterium but never sustain stable hydrogen fusion.
Space debris poses a growing threat to operational satellites in Low Earth Orbit.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Millions of pieces of defunct satellites, rocket stages, and fragments orbit Earth at high velocities, increasing collision risks and threatening sustainable space operations.
Triton, Neptune's largest moon, orbits in the same direction as Neptune's rotation.
- True
- False
Answer: False
Triton has a retrograde orbit (opposite to Neptune's rotation), suggesting it was captured from the Kuiper Belt rather than forming in situ.
Roscosmos is the space agency of Ukraine.
- True
- False
Answer: False
Roscosmos is the State Corporation for Space Activities of the Russian Federation. Ukraine has its own space agency, SSAU.
Uranus and Neptune are classified as ice giants rather than gas giants.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Unlike Jupiter and Saturn (gas giants dominated by hydrogen/helium), Uranus and Neptune contain higher proportions of 'ices' (water, ammonia, methane), hence termed ice giants.
Cosmic Microwave Background radiation is uniform in all directions with tiny fluctuations.
- True
- False
Answer: True
The CMB is remarkably isotropic (uniform) at 2.725 K, with minute anisotropies (~1 part in 100,000) that seeded the formation of cosmic structures.
Eris is more massive than Pluto.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Eris, discovered in 2005, is slightly more massive than Pluto, prompting the IAU to redefine 'planet' and create the 'dwarf planet' category.
The Mir space station was deorbited and burned up in Earth's atmosphere in 2001.
- True
- False
Answer: True
After 15 years in orbit, Mir was deliberately deorbited in March 2001, with debris falling into the South Pacific Ocean.
The SSLV has a higher payload capacity than PSLV.
- True
- False
Answer: False
SSLV is designed for small satellites (up to 500 kg to LEO), whereas PSLV can carry up to ~1,750 kg to Sun-Synchronous Orbit or ~1,400 kg to LEO. SSLV complements PSLV for smaller payloads.
The Orion Nebula is an example of a planetary nebula.
- True
- False
Answer: False
The Orion Nebula (M42) is a diffuse emission nebula and active star-forming region. Planetary nebulae are shells of gas ejected by dying low-mass stars.
Ion thrusters provide higher specific impulse than chemical rockets but lower thrust.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Electric propulsion (ion thrusters) achieves much higher fuel efficiency (specific impulse) than chemical rockets, enabling longer missions with less propellant, though acceleration is very gradual.
Mars has two moons named Phobos and Deimos.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Phobos ('fear') and Deimos ('terror') are Mars' two small, irregularly shaped moons, likely captured asteroids.
SpaceX is a government-owned space agency of the United States.
- True
- False
Answer: False
SpaceX is a private aerospace manufacturer and space transportation company founded by Elon Musk. NASA is the U.S. government agency.