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Big Bang Nucleosynthesis produced primarily H, He, and trace Li within first few minutes.
- True
- False
Answer: True
BBN synthesized ~75% H, ~25% He-4, ppm D/He-3/Li-7; heavier elements formed later in stars/supernovae. Observed abundances validate standard cosmology.
Lithium-ion batteries have largely replaced NiCd/NiH₂ in modern satellites due to higher energy density.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Li-ion offers 2-3× energy density vs legacy chemistries, reducing battery mass/volume; qualified for GEO/LEO missions since 2000s.
Tidal flexing drives geological activity on Io and Enceladus despite their small sizes.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Orbital resonances maintain eccentricities causing periodic tidal deformation; dissipated energy powers Io's volcanism and Enceladus's cryovolcanism.
Bolometers measure total electromagnetic power absorbed by detecting temperature-induced resistance changes.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Transition-edge sensor bolometers operate at cryogenic temps for far-IR/submm astronomy; used in Herschel/SOFIA/CMB experiments.
Active debris removal missions like ClearSpace-1 aim to capture and deorbit defunct satellites.
- True
- False
Answer: True
ClearSpace-1 (ESA, launch 2026) will demonstrate four-arm capture of Vespa adapter; commercial ADR services emerging to mitigate Kessler syndrome risk.
CAIs (Calcium-Aluminum-rich Inclusions) are the oldest dated solids in the solar system at ~4.567 Ga.
- True
- False
Answer: True
CAIs in chondrites define solar system age via U-Pb dating; formed at high temperatures near proto-Sun before accretion into planetesimals.
The cosmological constant Λ represents vacuum energy density driving accelerated expansion.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Λ in Einstein's equations corresponds to constant energy density of empty space; observational evidence favors ΛCDM model with Ω_Λ≈0.7.
Regenerative payloads demodulate/remodulate signals onboard enabling inter-user links without ground relay.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Onboard processing allows direct user-to-user routing, reducing latency and ground dependency; featured in advanced military/commercial satellites.
Pluto and Neptune are in 3:2 mean-motion resonance preventing collision despite crossing orbits.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Pluto completes 2 orbits per 3 Neptune orbits; resonance ensures conjunction occurs when Pluto is near aphelion far from Neptune's orbital plane.
White dwarfs cool indefinitely over trillions of years eventually becoming black dwarfs.
- True
- False
Answer: True
White dwarfs radiate stored thermal energy without fusion; cooling timescales exceed current universe age, so no black dwarfs exist yet theoretically predicted.
Heat pipes transfer heat efficiently in microgravity using capillary action without moving parts.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Heat pipes use phase-change fluid wicking through porous structure to transport heat from hot to cold zones; essential for spacecraft thermal management.
Mercury has a global intrinsic magnetic field despite its small size and slow rotation.
- True
- False
Answer: True
MESSENGER confirmed Mercury's dipole field (~300 nT at equator), generated by dynamo in partially molten outer core; unexpected given slow 59-day rotation.
Sun sensors provide coarse attitude knowledge typically accurate to ~0.1° for safe-mode operations.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Digital/analog sun sensors determine sun vector relative to spacecraft body, enabling initial acquisition and safe-mode stabilization before fine pointing with star trackers.
Blazars are active galactic nuclei with jets pointed nearly directly toward Earth.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Blazar emission is Doppler-boosted due to relativistic jet alignment with line-of-sight, causing rapid variability and high-energy dominance.
Ceres is the only dwarf planet located in the inner solar system.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Ceres resides in main asteroid belt between Mars/Jupiter; all other recognized dwarf planets (Pluto, Eris, Haumea, Makemake) are trans-Neptunian.
Multi-junction solar cells achieve >30% efficiency by stacking semiconductor layers tuned to different wavelengths.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Triple-junction GaInP/GaAs/Ge cells capture broader solar spectrum, reaching 32-35% efficiency vs ~20% for silicon; standard on GEO/deep space missions.
Interferometry combines signals from multiple telescopes to achieve angular resolution equivalent to a single dish spanning their separation.
- True
- False
Answer: True
VLBI/optical interferometry synthesizes aperture equal to baseline length; EHT achieved µas resolution imaging black holes using global telescope network.
Carbon-carbon composites are used in nose cones and leading edges due to high-temperature resistance.
- True
- False
Answer: True
C-C composites retain strength above 2000°C without melting, ideal for re-entry vehicle hotspots; used in Space Shuttle nose cone and wing leading edges.
Charon is tidally locked to Pluto such that both always show the same face to each other.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Pluto-Charon system is mutually tidally locked due to close proximity and comparable mass ratio; both bodies keep same hemisphere facing each other permanently.
Red supergiants are the immediate precursors to Type II supernovae.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Massive stars (>8 solar masses) evolve into red supergiants before core collapse triggers Type II-P/L supernovae; Betelgeuse and Antares are current examples.