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Answer: Crypto-Assets Task Force
The CATF examines DeFi's unique challenges: smart contract risks, governance token regulation, cross-jurisdictional enforcement, and anonymity features. It develops guidance to ensure regulatory frameworks keep pace with innovation while safeguarding investors and financial stability.
Answer: S-57
S-57 defines the structure and encoding of hydrographic spatial data for ECDIS and GIS applications. It ensures interoperability among hydrographic offices, enabling consistent charting, accurate navigation, and informed decision-making for offshore development, conservation, and climate studies.
Answer: risk
The Data Model underpins single window systems and advance cargo information programs. By harmonizing data requirements, it allows customs to apply risk-based controls efficiently: fast-tracking low-risk shipments while focusing inspections on high-risk consignments, balancing security and trade flow.
Answer: Recommendation 22
Rec. 22 extends AML/CFT obligations to DNFBPs when they prepare or carry out transactions for clients concerning real estate, company formation, asset management, or legal services. This closes loopholes that criminals could exploit to launder proceeds or finance terrorism through professional services.
Answer: preventive
The precautionary approach, embedded in UNCLOS and ISA regulations, prioritizes environmental protection amid scientific uncertainty. It mandates rigorous environmental impact assessments, monitoring, adaptive management, and conservative exploitation thresholds to safeguard deep-sea ecosystems for future generations.
Answer: Schengen Borders Code safeguard clause
Article 25-28 of the Schengen Borders Code permit temporary internal border controls (max 6 months, extendable to 2 years in exceptional circumstances) for threats like terrorism or migration pressures. This balances free movement with security, subject to EU oversight and proportionality principles.
Answer: True
UNSC referrals under Article 13(b) of the Rome Statute allow the ICC to investigate situations in non-member states (e.g., Darfur/Sudan, Libya). This mechanism enables the Court to address atrocities where national systems fail, though political dynamics in the Council can affect referral decisions.
Answer: It can only hear cases where both states have consented to jurisdiction
ICJ jurisdiction is consensual: states must accept it via special agreement, treaty clause, or optional clause declaration. Without consent, the Court cannot adjudicate. This respects state sovereignty but can limit the Court's ability to resolve disputes where one party refuses participation.
Answer: endorsement
PSI offers regular consultations and public statements of support for countries' home-grown reform programs. This 'seal of approval' can lower borrowing costs, attract investment, and strengthen domestic reform momentum without creating debt obligations.
Answer: Annex 16, Volume I and II
Annex 16 Vol. I sets noise certification standards for aircraft, while Vol. II regulates engine emissions. These SARPs drive technological innovation in quieter, cleaner aircraft, supporting ICAO's environmental goals and helping states meet climate and air quality commitments.
Answer: core platform
The DMA targets systemic platforms with significant market power (e.g., app stores, search engines, social networks). Rules include banning self-preferencing, allowing third-party app stores, and enabling data portability. It aims to foster innovation, protect business users, and enhance consumer welfare in digital ecosystems.
Answer: Complementarity
Complementarity, enshrined in the Rome Statute's Preamble and Article 17, positions the ICC as a court of last resort. It incentivizes states to strengthen domestic justice systems while providing a safety net against impunity when national processes fail, balancing sovereignty and accountability.
Answer: optional
Article 36(2) of the ICJ Statute allows states to declare acceptance of the Court's compulsory jurisdiction for legal disputes with other accepting states. These 'optional clause' declarations may include reservations, and reciprocity limits jurisdiction to the scope both parties have accepted.
Answer: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Article XVIII
GATT Article XVIII recognizes the development needs of low-income countries. It permits temporary trade restrictions for balance-of-payments reasons (Section B) or to promote particular industries (Section C), provided measures are transparent, non-discriminatory, and phased out as conditions improve.
Answer: True
The DSF, jointly developed with the World Bank, classifies countries as low, moderate, or high risk of debt distress. It informs concessional financing terms, encourages prudent borrowing, and supports debt transparency and restructuring efforts, helping prevent debt crises that undermine development.
Answer: Convention No. 98
ILO Convention No. 98 (1949) on the Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining protects workers against anti-union discrimination and promotes voluntary negotiation of terms and conditions of employment. It is one of the eight fundamental conventions underpinning the ILO's Decent Work Agenda.
Answer: ISPM 15
ISPM 15 mandates that wood packaging (pallets, crates) be treated (heat or fumigation) and marked with an official stamp. This globally recognized standard reduces the risk of transporting wood-boring pests like emerald ash borer or Asian longhorned beetle, protecting forests and urban trees.
Answer: manipulation
Following scandals like LIBOR, IOSCO developed principles to restore trust in benchmarks. They require clear governance, conflict management, input data quality controls, and oversight mechanisms to prevent manipulation, ensuring benchmarks accurately reflect market conditions for fair pricing and risk management.
Answer: uniformity
Standardized training ensures hydrographers worldwide meet consistent competency benchmarks. This supports mutual recognition of qualifications, facilitates international collaboration on charting projects, and enhances the quality and reliability of hydrographic data critical for safe navigation and ocean management.
Answer: effectiveness
Since 2013, FATF evaluations focus on both technical compliance (laws/regulations) and effectiveness (real-world impact). Effectiveness ratings assess whether countries achieve immediate outcomes (e.g., prosecutions, asset recovery, preventive measures), driving reforms that meaningfully disrupt illicit finance.