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The sulfur cycle involves both atmospheric and sedimentary components.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Sulfur cycles through the atmosphere as SO2 from volcanoes and combustion, and through rocks and oceans as sulfates and sulfides.
Transpiration is the release of water vapor from plant leaves into the atmosphere.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Transpiration is part of the water cycle where plants release water vapor through stomata, contributing significantly to atmospheric moisture.
Nitrogen fixation is the process by which atmospheric nitrogen (N2) is converted into ammonia (NH3) by certain bacteria.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria like Rhizobium convert inert atmospheric nitrogen into usable forms for plants, a crucial step in the nitrogen cycle.
The 'Brundtland Report' (1987) is credited with popularizing the term 'Sustainable Development'.
- True
- False
Answer: True
The World Commission on Environment and Development, chaired by Gro Harlem Brundtland, defined sustainable development in its report 'Our Common Future'.
The 'Circular Economy' model aims to eliminate waste by keeping resources in use for as long as possible through reuse, repair, and recycling.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Circular economy contrasts with the linear 'take-make-dispose' model, emphasizing resource efficiency and closed-loop systems.
Sustainable development aims to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
- True
- False
Answer: True
This definition, from the Brundtland Report (1987), emphasizes intergenerational equity and balancing economic, social, and environmental goals.
The 'Appiko Movement' in Karnataka was inspired by the Chipko Movement and focused on forest conservation.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Appiko (meaning 'hug' in Kannada) was launched in 1983 in the Western Ghats to protect forests from commercial exploitation.
The 'Save Silent Valley' movement successfully prevented the construction of a hydroelectric dam in Kerala's Silent Valley National Park.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Public pressure and scientific advocacy led to the cancellation of the dam project, preserving the pristine tropical evergreen forest.
The Narmada Bachao Andolan was primarily a movement against the construction of large dams on the Narmada River.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Led by Medha Patkar, the movement highlighted displacement of tribal communities and environmental impacts of dams like Sardar Sarovar.
Geothermal energy can be harnessed only in regions with active volcanoes or hot springs.
- True
- False
Answer: False
While high-temperature geothermal resources are found in tectonically active areas, low-temperature resources exist widely and can be used for heating via heat pumps.
Nuclear energy is classified as a non-renewable energy source because it relies on uranium, a finite resource.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Although nuclear power produces low carbon emissions, uranium ore is finite and non-renewable on human timescales.
Hydropower is considered a renewable energy source because water is replenished through the natural water cycle.
- True
- False
Answer: True
The water cycle (evaporation, precipitation) continuously replenishes water in reservoirs, making hydropower renewable, though dams have ecological impacts.
Chilika Lake in Odisha is Asia's largest brackish water lagoon and a Ramsar site.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Chilika is the largest coastal lagoon in India and the second largest in the world, designated a Ramsar site for its wetland significance.
The Great Himalayan National Park in Himachal Pradesh was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site primarily for its outstanding biodiversity conservation.
- True
- False
Answer: True
It was recognized for its significant habitats for conservation of biodiversity, including threatened mammal and bird species.
Manas National Park in Assam is both a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a Tiger Reserve.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Manas is a UNESCO site for its biodiversity and also a Project Tiger reserve, though it faced challenges from insurgency in the past.
The London Convention (1972) regulates the dumping of wastes and other matter into the ocean.
- True
- False
Answer: True
The Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter aims to control marine pollution from dumping.
The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) is the only legally binding international agreement linking environment and development to sustainable land management.
- True
- False
Answer: True
UNCCD addresses land degradation and drought, particularly in arid, semi-arid, and dry sub-humid areas, promoting sustainable land use.
The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) has three appendices that list species according to the level of protection they need.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Appendix I lists species threatened with extinction (trade prohibited), Appendix II regulates trade, and Appendix III includes species protected in at least one country.
The National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) was established in 2003 under the Biological Diversity Act, 2002.
- True
- False
Answer: True
NBA, headquartered in Chennai, regulates access to biological resources and ensures equitable benefit-sharing as per the Act.
The National Mission for a Green India is one of the eight missions under India's National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC).
- True
- False
Answer: True
The Green India Mission aims to increase forest/tree cover, improve ecosystem services, and enhance forest-based livelihoods.