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Which AI technique is used for generating realistic images from text descriptions?
- GANs
- Diffusion Models
- Both A and B
- Decision Trees
Answer: Both A and B
Both GANs (Generative Adversarial Networks) and Diffusion Models (DALL-E, Stable Diffusion) generate images from text. GANs use generator-discriminator competition; diffusion models iteratively denoise random noise. Critical for understanding generative AI applications in creative industries and exams.
Which technology enables high-speed data transmission from satellites to ground stations?
- L-band
- Ka-band
- VHF
- UHF
Answer: Ka-band
Ka-band (26.5-40 GHz) offers high bandwidth for satellite broadband, earth observation data downlink, and inter-satellite links. Challenges: rain attenuation, requiring adaptive coding. Critical for satellite communication and space infrastructure questions.
Green hydrogen can be stored and used as long-duration energy storage for renewable integration.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Green hydrogen (electrolysis using renewables) stores energy chemically for days/weeks, convertible to electricity via fuel cells or turbines. Complements batteries (short-duration) for seasonal storage. India's National Green Hydrogen Mission targets this application.
Which application uses piezoelectric materials for energy harvesting?
- Solar Panels
- Vibration-to-Electricity Conversion
- Wind Turbines
- Thermoelectric Generators
Answer: Vibration-to-Electricity Conversion
Piezoelectrics generate voltage when mechanically stressed, enabling energy harvesting from vibrations (machinery, footsteps, vehicles). Powers wireless sensors, wearables. India researches at IITs and DRDO. Critical for IoT and sustainable energy questions.
The facility where semiconductor wafers are fabricated is called a ________.
Answer: Fab / Foundry
Semiconductor fab (fabrication plant) is ultra-clean facility with photolithography, etching, deposition tools for chip manufacturing. Foundries (TSMC, GlobalFoundries) manufacture for fabless designers. India's semiconductor mission aims to establish domestic fabs.
Which attack exploits race conditions in software to gain unauthorized privileges?
- Buffer Overflow
- Time-of-Check-Time-of-Use
- SQL Injection
- Cross-Site Scripting
Answer: Time-of-Check-Time-of-Use
TOCTOU attacks exploit window between permission check and resource use, allowing privilege escalation or data corruption. Mitigation: atomic operations, locking, and careful design. Critical for secure coding and system security questions.
Small satellites (CubeSats) enable low-cost access to space for research and commercial applications.
- True
- False
Answer: True
CubeSats (10x10x10 cm units) standardize small satellite design, reducing cost/time for development and launch. Enable: technology demos, earth observation, IoT connectivity. India promotes CubeSats via ISRO and academic programs. Critical for democratizing space access questions.
Which metric compares the cost of storing one kilowatt-hour of energy over system lifetime?
- Energy Density
- Levelized Cost of Storage
- Round-Trip Efficiency
- Power Rating
Answer: Levelized Cost of Storage
LCOS = (Total Lifetime Cost) / (Total Energy Delivered). Enables apples-to-apples comparison of storage technologies considering CAPEX, OPEX, efficiency, cycle life, and degradation. Critical for energy planning and investment decisions in policy exams.
Materials that can self-heal minor damage without external intervention are called ________ Materials.
Answer: Self-Healing
Self-healing materials incorporate microcapsules, vascular networks, or reversible bonds to autonomously repair cracks/damage. Applications: coatings, composites, electronics. India researches at IITs and CSIR labs. Critical for durability and maintenance reduction questions.
Which semiconductor material is preferred for high-power, high-temperature applications?
- Silicon
- Gallium Arsenide
- Silicon Carbide
- Germanium
Answer: Silicon Carbide
SiC offers: wide bandgap (high breakdown voltage), high thermal conductivity, and high-temperature operation vs silicon. Used in EV inverters, renewable inverters, industrial drives. India's semiconductor mission includes SiC/GaN compound semiconductors.
Red Team exercises simulate real-world attacks to test organizational security posture.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Red Teaming conducts adversarial simulations (physical, cyber, social) to identify gaps in detection, response, and resilience. Distinct from pentesting (vulnerability-focused). Critical for mature security programs and incident readiness questions.
Which application uses satellite data for monitoring crop health and yield prediction?
- Weather Forecasting
- Precision Agriculture
- Disaster Management
- Urban Planning
Answer: Precision Agriculture
Satellite remote sensing (multispectral, SAR) monitors vegetation indices, soil moisture, and crop stress for yield prediction, input optimization, and insurance assessment. Integrated with AI/ML for actionable insights. Critical for AgriTech and food security questions.
The process of reusing EV batteries for stationary storage after automotive life is called ________ Life.
Answer: Second
Second-life batteries (retired EV packs at 70-80% capacity) are repurposed for stationary storage (solar backup, grid services), extending value and reducing waste. Requires testing, repackaging, and BMS adaptation. Critical for circular economy and sustainability questions.
Which property enables carbon nanotubes to reinforce composite materials?
- High Aspect Ratio
- Electrical Conductivity
- Thermal Conductivity
- All of these
Answer: All of these
CNTs offer: high aspect ratio (strength transfer), electrical/thermal conductivity, and chemical stability. Used in aerospace composites, electronics, energy storage. India researches CNT applications at IITs and DRDO. Critical for advanced materials and manufacturing questions.
Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) lithography uses 13.5nm wavelength light for patterning sub-7nm features.
- True
- False
Answer: True
EUV lithography (ASML) enables single-patterning of sub-7nm features vs multi-patterning with DUV. Challenges: light source power, mask defects, resist sensitivity. Critical technology for leading-edge chips; India monitors for future capability development.
Which technique involves testing software by providing invalid/unexpected inputs to find crashes?
- Static Analysis
- Fuzz Testing
- Penetration Testing
- Code Review
Answer: Fuzz Testing
Fuzzing automates input of random/malformed data to discover crashes, memory leaks, and vulnerabilities. Effective for finding zero-days in parsers, protocols, and APIs. Tools: AFL, libFuzzer. Critical for secure software development lifecycle questions.
The technology that enables precise satellite positioning for navigation is called Global ________ System.
Answer: Navigation Satellite
GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) includes GPS (USA), GLONASS (Russia), Galileo (EU), BeiDou (China), and NavIC (India). Provides positioning, navigation, timing for civil/military applications. Critical for geospatial technology and strategic autonomy questions.
Which factor most significantly impacts lithium-ion battery degradation?
- Charging Speed
- Temperature
- Depth of Discharge
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Battery degradation accelerates with: high temperature (accelerates side reactions), fast charging (lithium plating), deep discharge (electrode stress). Battery management systems optimize these factors. Critical for EV longevity and storage economics questions.
Metamaterials can exhibit properties not found in nature, like negative refractive index.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Metamaterials are engineered structures with sub-wavelength features enabling exotic properties: negative refraction, invisibility cloaking, superlenses. Applications: antennas, sensors, imaging. India researches at IITs, DRDO. Critical for advanced materials and photonics questions.
Which packaging technology enables 3D stacking of chips for higher performance?
- Wire Bonding
- Flip-Chip
- Through-Silicon Via
- Plastic Encapsulation
Answer: Through-Silicon Via
TSV (Through-Silicon Via) creates vertical electrical connections through silicon dies, enabling 3D chip stacking for higher bandwidth, lower power, and smaller footprint. Critical for advanced packaging in HPC, mobile, and AI chips. India focuses on ATMP capabilities.