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Which regulatory technology (RegTech) application automates compliance reporting for financial institutions?
- Chatbots
- AML Transaction Monitoring
- Robo-Advisors
- Digital KYC
Answer: AML Transaction Monitoring
AML (Anti-Money Laundering) transaction monitoring uses AI/ML to analyze transactions in real-time, flag suspicious patterns, and generate regulatory reports (STRs). Reduces manual effort, improves detection accuracy, and ensures compliance with RBI/FIU-IND guidelines. Part of broader RegTech suite including KYC automation, risk assessment, and audit trails.
The technology that allows mobile devices to connect to internet via nearby Wi-Fi hotspots automatically is called ________ Offloading.
Answer: Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi Offloading redirects mobile data traffic from cellular networks to Wi-Fi hotspots to reduce congestion and improve user experience. Implemented via ANDSF (Access Network Discovery and Selection Function) in 4G/5G. Benefits: cost savings for users/operators, better indoor coverage. Requires seamless authentication and handover mechanisms.
Which theorem simplifies complex linear circuits to a single voltage source and series resistance?
- Kirchhoff's Law
- Thevenin's Theorem
- Norton's Theorem
- Both B and C
Answer: Both B and C
Thevenin's Theorem: any linear circuit = voltage source (Vth) + series resistance (Rth). Norton's Theorem: equivalent = current source (In) + parallel resistance (Rn). They are duals; conversion: Vth = In × Rn. Essential for circuit analysis, load matching, and troubleshooting. Applicable to AC circuits using impedance.
In Python, lists are mutable while tuples are immutable.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Lists ([]) can be modified after creation: append, remove, change elements. Tuples (()) cannot be changed once created, making them hashable and usable as dictionary keys. Immutability provides safety for fixed data, while mutability offers flexibility for dynamic collections. Choosing appropriately improves code correctness and performance.
Which international framework provides guidelines for trustworthy AI development adopted by many countries?
- GDPR
- OECD AI Principles
- Paris Agreement
- Basel III
Answer: OECD AI Principles
OECD AI Principles (2019) provide values-based guidelines for trustworthy AI: inclusive growth, human-centered values, transparency, robustness, and accountability. Adopted by 40+ countries including India. Influences national policies, corporate governance, and international cooperation on AI. Complements technical standards from ISO/IEC and IEEE.
The RBI initiative that enables interoperable prepaid payment instruments across issuers is called ________ Wallet.
Answer: Common
Common Wallet framework (proposed by RBI) aims to enable interoperability among PPIs (wallets) so users can transact across different wallet providers seamlessly. Similar to UPI's interoperability for bank accounts. Would enhance competition, user choice, and financial inclusion. Implementation details and timeline under regulatory consultation.
Which 5G core network architecture enables service-based interfaces and cloud-native deployment?
- EPC
- 5GC
- IMS
- Both B and C
Answer: 5GC
5GC (5G Core) uses service-based architecture (SBA) with cloud-native principles: microservices, containerization, CI/CD. Contrasts with 4G EPC's monolithic design. Benefits: flexibility, scalability, faster feature deployment, and network slicing support. IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem) handles voice/video services and works with both EPC and 5GC.
A Zener diode is primarily used for voltage regulation in electronic circuits.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Zener diode operates in reverse breakdown region to maintain constant voltage across load despite input variations or load changes. Used in voltage regulators, reference circuits, and overvoltage protection. Key parameter: Zener voltage (Vz). Different from regular diodes which block reverse current until breakdown (which may damage them).
Which sorting algorithm has best-case time complexity of O(n) when input is already sorted?
- Quick Sort
- Merge Sort
- Bubble Sort
- Heap Sort
Answer: Bubble Sort
Bubble Sort with optimization (stop if no swaps in a pass) achieves O(n) best-case for already sorted input. However, average/worst-case remains O(n²). For exams: know trade-offs - Bubble (simple, inefficient), Quick (fast average, worst O(n²)), Merge (stable, O(n log n) always), Heap (in-place, O(n log n)).
The principle that AI systems should be designed to allow human oversight and intervention is called human ________.
Answer: in-the-loop
Human-in-the-loop (HITL) ensures humans can monitor, override, or intervene in AI decisions, especially in high-stakes domains. Critical for accountability, error correction, and ethical compliance. Complements human-on-the-loop (supervision) and human-out-of-the-loop (full automation for low-risk tasks). Balances automation benefits with human judgment.
Which technology enables real-time fraud detection in digital payments using pattern analysis?
- Blockchain
- Machine Learning
- OCR
- SMS Gateway
Answer: Machine Learning
ML models analyze transaction patterns (amount, location, time, device) to detect anomalies indicating fraud. Techniques: supervised learning (labeled fraud data), unsupervised anomaly detection, and real-time scoring. Used by banks, UPI apps, and payment gateways. Continuous learning adapts to evolving fraud tactics while minimizing false positives.
Beamforming in 5G focuses radio signals toward specific users to improve signal strength and reduce interference.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Beamforming uses antenna arrays to steer radio waves directionally toward users instead of omnidirectional broadcast. Benefits: higher signal-to-noise ratio, extended coverage, reduced interference, and energy efficiency. Critical for mmWave 5G which has limited propagation. Implemented via digital, analog, or hybrid beamforming techniques.
Which component is used to amplify weak electrical signals in analog circuits?
- Diode
- Transistor
- Resistor
- Capacitor
Answer: Transistor
Transistor (BJT or FET) amplifies weak signals by using small input current/voltage to control larger output current. Configurations: common emitter (high gain), common collector (impedance matching). Foundation of audio amplifiers, radio receivers, and sensor interfaces. Operational amplifiers (op-amps) integrate multiple transistors for precision amplification.
The time complexity of accessing an element in an array by index is ________.
Answer: O(1)
Array access by index is O(1) constant time because memory address is calculated directly: base_address + index * element_size. No traversal needed. Contrasts with linked lists (O(n) for access). This efficiency makes arrays ideal for random access patterns, but insertion/deletion in middle is O(n) due to element shifting.
Which technique is used to detect and mitigate bias in AI training datasets?
- Data Augmentation
- Adversarial Debiasing
- Feature Scaling
- Cross-Validation
Answer: Adversarial Debiasing
Adversarial Debiasing uses adversarial networks to remove correlations between protected attributes (gender, caste) and model predictions while preserving task performance. Other techniques: reweighting samples, bias-aware preprocessing, fairness constraints in loss function. Critical for ethical AI in hiring, lending, and public services where bias can perpetuate inequality.
Neo-banks in India can independently accept deposits and lend money without partnering with licensed banks.
- True
- False
Answer: False
Neo-banks in India are tech-first platforms that partner with licensed banks/NBFCs to offer banking services. RBI does not grant independent banking licenses to neo-banks yet. They focus on UX, analytics, and niche segments while regulated partners handle core banking, compliance, and balance sheet activities. Regulatory evolution ongoing.
Which technology enables multiple antennas to transmit/receive simultaneously for higher data rates in 4G/5G?
- OFDM
- MIMO
- CDMA
- TDMA
Answer: MIMO
MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) uses multiple antennas at transmitter and receiver to send/receive multiple data streams simultaneously over same frequency. Increases spectral efficiency, data rates, and link reliability. Evolution: SU-MIMO (single user) to MU-MIMO (multi-user). Foundational for 4G LTE-Advanced and 5G NR performance.
The device that converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) is called a ________.
Answer: Rectifier
Rectifier converts AC to DC using diodes. Types: half-wave (single diode, inefficient), full-wave (center-tapped or bridge, better efficiency). Used in power supplies for electronics, battery chargers, and DC motor drives. Filter capacitors smooth the pulsating DC output. Critical component in virtually all electronic devices powered from mains.
Which data type is used to store true/false values in most programming languages?
- int
- char
- boolean
- float
Answer: boolean
Boolean data type represents two values: true or false. Named after George Boole, founder of Boolean algebra. Used in conditional statements, loops, and logical operations. Some languages (C) use integers (0=false, non-zero=true), but modern languages (Java, Python, C#) have dedicated bool type for clarity and type safety.
The DPDP Act 2023 requires explicit consent for processing sensitive personal data like biometrics and health information.
- True
- False
Answer: True
DPDP Act 2023 mandates explicit, informed, and specific consent for processing sensitive personal data (biometrics, health, sexual orientation, etc.). Consent must be withdrawable, and purpose limitation applies. Additional safeguards: data minimization, storage limitation, and enhanced rights for data principals. Critical for AI systems using sensitive data.