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True or False: Augmented Reality (AR) overlays digital information onto the real-world environment.
- True
- False
Answer: True
AR enhances real-world view with computer-generated elements (text, 3D models) via smartphones, glasses. Applications: education, navigation, retail, industrial maintenance. Distinct from VR (fully immersive). [[MeitY Reports]]
True or False: Microplastics are plastic particles smaller than 5 mm that persist in the environment.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Microplastics (<5 mm) originate from degraded larger plastics or microbeads. Found in oceans, soil, air, and human tissues. India banned single-use plastics (2022) to address this crisis. [[CPCB, MoEFCC Reports]]
True or False: Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques and tau tangles in the brain.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Amyloid plaques (extracellular Aβ aggregates) and neurofibrillary tangles (hyperphosphorylated tau) disrupt neuronal function. Leading cause of dementia; research focuses on early detection and disease-modifying therapies. [[ICMR Reports, NCERT Biology Class 11]]
True or False: Ultrasonic waves have frequencies above 20 kHz and are used in medical imaging.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Ultrasound (>20 kHz) penetrates tissues; echoes create images (sonography). Also used in cleaning, NDT, pest repellents. Non-ionizing and safe for prenatal scans. [[NCERT Physics Class 11]]
True or False: Photosynthesis is a photochemical reaction where light energy drives the conversion of CO₂ and H₂O to glucose.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Light-dependent reactions: chlorophyll absorbs photons, excites electrons, splits water, generates ATP/NADPH. Calvin cycle uses these to fix CO₂. Foundation of life on Earth. [[NCERT Biology Class 11]]
True or False: A digital twin is a virtual replica of a physical object or system that updates in real-time using sensor data.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Digital twins simulate, predict, and optimize performance of assets (engines, cities, power grids). Enabled by IoT, AI, cloud computing. Emerging application in Industry 4.0 and smart infrastructure. [[NITI Aayog Reports]]
True or False: Mangroves, seagrasses, and salt marshes are key blue carbon ecosystems that sequester carbon.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Blue carbon ecosystems store carbon in biomass and sediments at rates higher than terrestrial forests. Conservation supports climate mitigation and coastal protection. India has significant mangrove cover. [[MoEFCC, UNEP Reports]]
True or False: The human gut microbiome influences immune system development and metabolism.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Gut microbes train immune cells, produce vitamins (K, B12), ferment fiber to SCFAs. Dysbiosis linked to obesity, IBD, mental health. Probiotics/prebiotics modulate microbiome. [[ICMR Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]
True or False: Perovskite solar cells have achieved laboratory efficiencies exceeding 25%.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Perovskite PV cells (hybrid organic-inorganic) offer high efficiency, low cost, and flexibility. Challenges: stability, scalability. India's National Solar Mission supports R&D in next-gen PV. [[MNRE Reports]]
True or False: Host-guest chemistry is a branch of supramolecular chemistry focusing on non-covalent interactions.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Supramolecular chemistry studies molecular assemblies via hydrogen bonds, van der Waals, π-π interactions. Applications: drug delivery, sensors, molecular machines (Nobel 2016). [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
True or False: AI algorithms can assist in early detection of diseases like diabetic retinopathy from retinal scans.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Deep learning models (e.g., CNNs) analyze medical images with accuracy comparable to specialists. India's AI for All strategy promotes such applications for affordable healthcare. [[NITI Aayog, MoHFW Reports]]
True or False: Circular economy aims to eliminate waste by designing products for reuse, repair, and recycling.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Circular economy contrasts linear 'take-make-dispose' model. Principles: design out waste, keep materials in use, regenerate natural systems. India's Resource Efficiency Strategy promotes this. [[NITI Aayog Reports]]
True or False: Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are derived from adult somatic cells reprogrammed to an embryonic-like state.
- True
- False
Answer: True
iPSCs (Yamanaka, 2006) are generated by introducing transcription factors (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc) into adult cells. Avoid ethical issues of embryonic stem cells; used in regenerative medicine. [[DBT Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]
True or False: Quantum dots exhibit size-dependent optical properties due to quantum confinement.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Quantum dots (semiconductor nanocrystals) emit different colors based on size: smaller dots emit blue, larger emit red. Used in displays, bioimaging, solar cells. [[NCERT Physics Class 12, DST Reports]]
True or False: NMR spectroscopy uses radio waves to study the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei.
- True
- False
Answer: True
NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) exploits nuclear spin in magnetic fields; radiofrequency pulses induce resonance. Used for molecular structure determination in chemistry and medicine (MRI). [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
True or False: 6G technology is expected to operate in the terahertz (THz) frequency band.
- True
- False
Answer: True
6G (expected ~2030) aims for THz frequencies (0.1-10 THz), enabling ultra-high data rates, holographic communication, and AI-native networks. Research ongoing globally. [[TRAI, MeitY Reports]]
True or False: India's National Green Hydrogen Mission aims to make India a global hub for green hydrogen production by 2030.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Launched in 2023, the mission targets 5 MMT annual green hydrogen production, reducing fossil fuel dependence and carbon emissions. Supports energy security and climate goals. [[MNRE Reports, NITI Aayog]]
True or False: Monoclonal antibodies are produced by identical immune cells cloned from a single parent cell.
- True
- False
Answer: True
mAbs are homogeneous antibodies targeting a single epitope, produced via hybridoma technology. Used in cancer therapy (e.g., Trastuzumab), diagnostics, and autoimmune diseases. [[NCERT Biology Class 12, ICMR Reports]]
True or False: LASER stands for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation.
- True
- False
Answer: True
LASER produces coherent, monochromatic, directional light via stimulated emission. Applications: surgery, communication, barcode scanners, LIDAR. Fundamental modern physics concept. [[NCERT Physics Class 12]]
True or False: Atom economy is a principle of green chemistry that measures the efficiency of a reaction by the fraction of reactant atoms incorporated into the final product.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Atom economy = (MW of desired product / MW of all reactants) × 100. High atom economy minimizes waste, aligning with green chemistry principles for sustainable synthesis. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 11, MoEFCC Guidelines]]