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Which architecture forms the foundation of modern Large Language Models?
- CNN
- RNN
- Transformer
- LSTM
Answer: Transformer
Transformer architecture uses self-attention mechanisms to process sequences in parallel, enabling scaling to billions of parameters.
Which storage format is optimized for analytics workloads with columnar access?
- CSV
- JSON
- Parquet
- Avro
Answer: Parquet
Parquet is columnar storage format optimized for analytics: efficient compression, predicate pushdown, schema evolution.
The pattern of processing data as it arrives rather than in batches is called ________ Processing.
Answer: Stream
Stream processing handles continuous data flows for real-time insights: fraud detection, monitoring, personalization.
Which technology enables distributed stream processing with exactly-once semantics?
- Apache Kafka
- Apache Flink
- Apache Spark Streaming
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Kafka (messaging), Flink (stream processing), Spark Streaming (micro-batch) enable real-time analytics with varying consistency guarantees.
The process of proactively searching for threats that evade automated detection is called Threat ________.
Answer: Hunting
Threat hunting uses hypotheses, analytics, and analyst expertise to find hidden adversaries. Complements automated detection.
Indicators of Compromise (IOCs) include malicious IPs, domains, and file hashes.
- True
- False
Answer: True
IOCs are forensic artifacts indicating potential breaches. Used for proactive blocking, hunting, and incident response.
Which framework standardizes threat information sharing using structured formats?
- STIX/TAXII
- MITRE ATT&CK
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
STIX/TAXII standardizes threat data exchange; MITRE ATT&CK catalogs adversary TTPs. Both enable threat-informed defense and collaboration.
CSPM tools continuously monitor cloud configurations for compliance violations.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Cloud Security Posture Management automates detection/remediation of misconfigurations: public storage, weak IAM, unencrypted resources.
Which cloud security model defines shared responsibilities between provider and customer?
- Shared Responsibility Model
- Zero Trust
- Defense in Depth
- Least Privilege
Answer: Shared Responsibility Model
Cloud provider secures infrastructure ('security OF cloud'); customer secures data/apps ('security IN cloud'). Responsibilities vary by service model (IaaS/PaaS/SaaS).
The practice of granting minimum permissions required for a task is called Principle of Least ________.
Answer: Privilege
Principle of Least Privilege restricts user/system access rights to only what is essential. Reduces attack surface and limits damage from compromised accounts.
Micro-segmentation isolates workloads to limit lateral movement of threats.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Micro-segmentation creates granular security zones around workloads, containing breaches and limiting attacker movement. Critical for Zero Trust implementation.
Which principle is foundational to Zero Trust Architecture?
- Trust but Verify
- Never Trust, Always Verify
- Perimeter Defense
- Implicit Trust
Answer: Never Trust, Always Verify
Zero Trust assumes breach and verifies every request regardless of source. Implements identity verification, least privilege, micro-segmentation, continuous monitoring.
Which platform enables seamless transfer of education credentials between institutions using blockchain?
- DigiLocker
- Academic Bank of Credits
- National Digital Education Architecture
- All of these
Answer: All of these
India's digital education ecosystem integrates: DigiLocker (store/share certificates), Academic Bank of Credits (ABC) for credit accumulation/transfer under NEP 2020, and NDEAR (National Digital Education Architecture) for interoperable standards. Blockchain pilots ensure tamper-proof credential verification. Supports lifelong learning and student mobility.
An outer join returns only the rows that have matching values in both tables.
- True
- False
Answer: False
INNER JOIN returns only matching rows. OUTER JOIN (LEFT/RIGHT/FULL) returns matching rows PLUS unmatched rows from one or both tables, with NULLs for missing side. LEFT JOIN: all left table rows; RIGHT JOIN: all right table rows; FULL OUTER: all rows from both. Essential for comprehensive data analysis and reporting.
The security practice of regularly testing systems for vulnerabilities by simulating attacks is called ________ Testing.
Answer: Penetration
Penetration Testing (ethical hacking) involves authorized simulated cyberattacks to identify security weaknesses before malicious actors exploit them. Types: black-box (no prior knowledge), white-box (full knowledge), gray-box (partial). Conducted by certified professionals (CEH, OSCP). Findings guide remediation and strengthen security posture.
Which cloud cost optimization strategy involves shutting down non-production resources during off-hours?
- Right-sizing
- Auto-scaling
- Scheduling
- Reserved Instances
Answer: Scheduling
Scheduling (or start-stop automation) shuts down dev/test environments nights and weekends, reducing costs by 60-70%. Implemented via cloud provider tools (AWS Instance Scheduler, Azure Automation) or third-party solutions. Complements other strategies: right-sizing (match resources to workload), reserved instances (commitment discounts), and auto-scaling (demand-based scaling).
The Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM) health ID is mandatory for availing healthcare services in India.
- True
- False
Answer: False
ABHA (Ayushman Bharat Health Account) number is voluntary and consent-based. Citizens can choose to create ABHA ID for convenient access to digital health records, but cannot be denied healthcare services for not having it. Aligns with Supreme Court privacy principles and DPDP Act requirements for voluntary consent in data processing.
Which database design pattern stores historical changes to data by adding new rows instead of updating existing ones?
- Soft Delete
- Temporal Tables
- Event Sourcing
- Both B and C
Answer: Both B and C
Temporal Tables (SQL:2011 standard) automatically track row history with system-versioned tables. Event Sourcing stores state changes as immutable events, enabling reconstruction of any historical state. Both support audit trails, time-travel queries, and compliance. Trade-offs: increased storage and query complexity for historical analysis.
The ISRO program for developing small satellite launch capability with quick turnaround is called ________.
Answer: SSLV
SSLV (Small Satellite Launch Vehicle) is designed for launching mini/micro/nanosatellites (up to 500 kg to LEO) with low cost, minimal infrastructure, and quick turnaround. Features modular design, minimal launch preparations, and flexibility for multiple satellite deployments. Caters to growing global small satellite market and technology demonstrations.
Which Indian regulation mandates data localization for certain categories of personal data?
- IT Act 2000
- DPDP Act 2023
- RBI Payment Data Directive
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Data localization requirements exist in: RBI directive (payment system data stored only in India), DPDP Act 2023 (significant data fiduciaries may be notified for localization), and sectoral guidelines (telecom, health). Balances data sovereignty, law enforcement access, and global data flow needs. Compliance requires careful architecture planning.