Technology – GK Questions

Answer: CPGRAMS

CPGRAMS (Centralized Public Grievance Redress and Monitoring System) is an online platform for lodging and tracking grievances against central government ministries/departments. Features: unique registration number, escalation mechanism, time-bound resolution, and public dashboard. Promotes accountability and responsive governance.

Answer: Atomicity

Atomicity is the 'A' in ACID properties. It guarantees that all operations within a transaction succeed as a unit, or none are applied. If any part fails, the entire transaction is rolled back. Critical for maintaining data consistency in banking, inventory, and other mission-critical applications.

Answer: Not yet demonstrated

As of 2026, ISRO has not yet demonstrated in-orbit refueling. SPADEX (Space Docking Experiment) tested docking/undocking, a prerequisite for servicing. POEM (PSLV Orbital Experimental Module) demonstrated using spent rocket stage as orbital platform. In-orbit servicing remains a future goal for satellite life extension and space debris management.

Answer: False

SMS-based OTP is vulnerable to SIM swapping, SS7 attacks, and phishing. More secure MFA methods include: authenticator apps (TOTP), hardware tokens (YubiKey), biometrics, and FIDO2/WebAuthn. NIST guidelines recommend moving away from SMS OTP for high-security applications. Layered security approach is essential.

Answer: Private Cloud

Private Cloud is dedicated infrastructure for a single organization, offering maximum control, security, and customization. Can be on-premises or hosted by third party. Suitable for regulated industries (banking, defense) with strict compliance needs. Higher cost than public cloud but better data sovereignty and performance isolation.

Answer: e-NAM

e-NAM (Electronic National Agriculture Market) is a pan-India electronic trading portal connecting existing APMC mandis. Provides real-time price discovery, online bidding, quality assaying, and payment settlement. Aims to create a unified national market for agricultural commodities, reducing intermediation and improving farmer incomes.

Answer: DROP

DROP TABLE removes the entire table structure and all data permanently; cannot be rolled back in most systems. DELETE removes rows (can use WHERE, can be rolled back). TRUNCATE removes all rows quickly but keeps table structure. DROP is a DDL command; DELETE/TRUNCATE are DML commands.

Answer: True

Homomorphic encryption enables performing calculations on ciphertext, producing encrypted results that, when decrypted, match operations performed on plaintext. Critical for privacy-preserving cloud computing, secure voting, and confidential AI inference. Still computationally intensive but advancing with research and hardware acceleration.

Answer: EOS

EOS (Earth Observation Satellite) series includes satellites like EOS-01, EOS-03, EOS-04 for climate monitoring, agriculture, forestry, disaster management, and ocean studies. These satellites carry advanced sensors for multispectral, hyperspectral, and radar imaging to support sustainable development and environmental protection.

Answer: Platform

PaaS (Platform as a Service) provides development platforms (runtime, middleware, OS) managed by provider. Customers deploy and manage applications and data without worrying about infrastructure. Examples: Google App Engine, AWS Elastic Beanstalk, Azure App Service. Contrasts with IaaS (customer manages OS+) and SaaS (provider manages all).

Answer: OCEN

OCEN (Open Credit Enablement Network) is a protocol that standardizes interactions between Lenders, Loan Service Providers (LSPs), and Account Aggregators. It enables MSMEs and individuals to access credit using digital footprints (cash flow, GST, UPI) instead of traditional collateral, promoting financial inclusion.

Answer: True

Clustered index physically sorts table data rows based on index key values. Since data can be sorted in only one order, a table can have only one clustered index (usually on primary key). Non-clustered indexes store logical order separately with pointers to data rows; multiple non-clustered indexes are allowed.

Answer: Direction 20

CERT-In Direction 20 (April 2022) mandates service providers, intermediaries, and data centers to report cyber incidents within 6 hours of noticing. Also requires maintaining logs for 180 days, KYC for VPN users, and time synchronization. Aimed at improving incident response and threat intelligence sharing.

Answer: Account Aggregator

Account Aggregator (AA) is a consent-based data sharing framework regulated by RBI. It allows individuals to securely share financial information (bank statements, investments, insurance) between Financial Information Providers (FIPs) and Financial Information Users (FIUs) for better credit access and personalized services.

Answer: MeghRaj (GI Cloud)

MeghRaj (GI Cloud) is India's government cloud initiative launched by MeitY to optimize ICT spending, ensure data sovereignty, and provide secure, scalable cloud services to government entities. It empanels certified cloud service providers and defines standards for security, interoperability, and portability.

Answer: True

Aditya-L1 orbits the Sun-Earth L1 Lagrange point (~1.5 million km from Earth), where gravitational forces balance, allowing uninterrupted solar observation. This position avoids Earth's shadow, enabling 24/7 monitoring of solar activities, coronal mass ejections, and space weather forecasting.

Answer: Double extortion ransomware

Double extortion ransomware combines file encryption with data theft. Attackers threaten to publish sensitive data if ransom isn't paid, increasing pressure on victims. This evolved tactic makes backups insufficient as a sole defense. Prevention requires DLP, encryption, network segmentation, and incident response planning.

Answer: ONDC

ONDC (Open Network for Digital Commerce) is a government-backed initiative to create an open, interoperable network for e-commerce. It allows buyers and sellers to transact across platforms without being locked into a single app, promoting competition, inclusion, and democratization of digital commerce.

Answer: False

The shared responsibility model states: Cloud provider is responsible for security 'OF' the cloud (infrastructure, hardware, physical security). Customer is responsible for security 'IN' the cloud (data, applications, access management, OS patching in IaaS). Responsibilities vary by service model (IaaS/PaaS/SaaS).

Answer: B-Tree Index

B-Tree indexes maintain sorted data and allow efficient range queries, equality searches, and ordered retrieval. Hash indexes are optimal only for exact match lookups. Bitmap indexes work well for low-cardinality columns. Inverted indexes are used in full-text search engines.