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Answer: All of these
NIST PQC standardization includes: CRYSTALS-Kyber (lattice-based KEM), CRYSTALS-Dilithium (lattice signatures), SPHINCS+ (hash-based). India's CERT-In and DRDO actively research PQC adoption.
Answer: Shor's
Shor's Algorithm factors integers in polynomial time on quantum computers, breaking RSA which relies on factoring difficulty. Requires fault-tolerant quantum computers not yet available. Critical for post-quantum cryptography planning.
Answer: AI Act
EU AI Act (2024) mandates Fundamental Rights Impact Assessments for high-risk AI: hiring, credit scoring, law enforcement. India monitors global developments for domestic policy alignment.
Answer: All of these
Explainable AI (XAI) techniques: Feature Importance ranks input influence; LIME/SHAP provide local explanations; Model Cards document model purpose, performance, limitations. Critical for trust and regulatory compliance.
Answer: All of these
Differential Privacy adds noise to aggregates; Federated Learning trains models on-device; SMPC computes jointly without sharing inputs. All enable privacy-preserving analytics. Critical for confidential data science questions.
Answer: P4 / Programmable
P4 (Programming Protocol-Independent Packet Processors) enables custom packet processing logic in switches/routers. Supports innovation in telemetry, security, and traffic engineering. Critical for next-gen network research questions.
Answer: Both A and B
Searchable Encryption enables keyword search on ciphertext; Homomorphic Encryption enables computation on encrypted data. Both preserve privacy while enabling functionality. Critical for confidential cloud computing questions.
Answer: SR-MPLS / SRv6
Segment Routing (SR-MPLS, SRv6) encodes path instructions in packet headers, enabling flexible traffic engineering without per-flow state. Critical for scalable, programmable networks. Important for advanced networking questions.
Answer: Homomorphic
Homomorphic Encryption enables processing ciphertext, producing encrypted results that decrypt to correct output. Critical for privacy-preserving cloud analytics, secure voting, and confidential AI. Still computationally intensive but advancing.
Answer: Direction 20
CERT-In Direction 20 (April 2022) requires service providers to report cyber incidents within 6 hours, maintain logs for 180 days, and synchronize clocks with National Time Server. Critical for incident response compliance questions.
Answer: Blockchain/NFTs
Blockchain with NFTs (Non-Fungible Tokens) enables verifiable digital ownership, provenance tracking, and peer-to-peer transfers without intermediaries. Applications: art, gaming, identity, supply chain. Critical for understanding Web3 and digital economy questions.
Answer: W3C DID Specification
W3C DID Specification enables users to create/own identifiers without central authorities. DIDs resolve to DID Documents containing public keys and service endpoints. Foundation for portable, privacy-preserving identity in Web3 and metaverse. Critical for digital identity standards questions.
Answer: Time-of-Check-Time-of-Use
TOCTOU attacks exploit window between permission check and resource use, allowing privilege escalation or data corruption. Mitigation: atomic operations, locking, and careful design. Critical for secure coding and system security questions.
Answer: True
EUV lithography (ASML) enables single-patterning of sub-7nm features vs multi-patterning with DUV. Challenges: light source power, mask defects, resist sensitivity. Critical technology for leading-edge chips; India monitors for future capability development.
Answer: All of these
MITM attacks intercept communications; SSL stripping downgrades HTTPS to HTTP; certificate pinning bypass tricks apps into accepting fake certs. Defenses: HSTS, certificate transparency, pinning. Critical for understanding web security threats in banking/UPSC exams.
Answer: Smart / Responsive
Smart materials (piezoelectrics, shape-memory alloys, electrochromics) respond to stimuli: mechanical stress, temperature, electric/magnetic fields. Applications: sensors, actuators, adaptive structures. India researches at DRDO, IITs. Critical for advanced materials and IoT questions.
Answer: Lifetime Energy Throughput
Lifetime Energy Throughput = Nominal Capacity × Cycle Life × Depth of Discharge. Critical for comparing storage economics: high-throughput batteries (LFP, flow) suit frequent cycling; high-energy-density (NMC) suit weight-sensitive applications. Essential for energy storage planning questions.
Answer: Gate-All-Around / GAA
GAA (Gate-All-Around) transistors (MBCFET, Nanosheet) surround channel with gate on all sides, improving electrostatic control vs FinFET at sub-3nm nodes. Enables continued scaling per Moore's Law. Critical for understanding semiconductor innovation roadmap questions.
Answer: 3nm
As of 2026, 3nm process node is in high-volume production (TSMC, Samsung) for flagship mobile and HPC chips. 2nm is in risk production with GAA transistors. India's semiconductor mission targets mature nodes (28nm-65nm) initially for strategic autonomy. Critical for understanding tech competitiveness questions.
Answer: Classification
Data Classification categorizes data (Public, Internal, Confidential, Restricted) to apply appropriate security controls: encryption, access restrictions, retention policies. Foundation of data protection programs. Critical for compliance (DPDP, GDPR) and information security questions.