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The frequency band used for high-bandwidth satellite internet in Ka-band is ________ GHz.
Answer: 26.5-40
Ka-band (26.5-40 GHz) offers high bandwidth for satellite broadband but susceptible to rain attenuation. Requires adaptive coding and ground station diversity. Critical for satellite communication planning.
Which ISRO mission is designed to study the Sun's corona and space weather?
- Chandrayaan-3
- Aditya-L1
- Gaganyaan
- NISAR
Answer: Aditya-L1
Aditya-L1 positioned at Sun-Earth L1 point for uninterrupted solar observation. Studies coronal heating, CMEs, solar flares critical for space weather forecasting affecting satellites and power grids.
Chandrayaan-3's successful landing near Moon's south pole enables study of water ice deposits.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Moon's south pole has permanently shadowed craters with water ice, valuable for future lunar bases (life support, rocket fuel). Chandrayaan-3's Pragyan rover analyzed soil composition. Critical for space resource questions.
Which company operates the OneWeb satellite constellation partly owned by Indian entities?
- SpaceX
- OneWeb
- Amazon Kuiper
- Telesat
Answer: OneWeb
OneWeb (Bharti Group partnership) operates LEO constellation for global broadband, especially rural/remote areas. Competes with Starlink. Critical for digital connectivity and space commerce questions.
The Indian regional navigation satellite system providing positioning services is called ________.
Answer: NavIC
NavIC (Navigation with Indian Constellation) has 7 satellites providing positioning accuracy better than 20m over India and 1500 km surrounding area. Alternative to GPS for strategic autonomy.
Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellations provide lower latency than geostationary satellites for internet services.
- True
- False
Answer: True
LEO satellites (~500-2000 km altitude) have lower propagation delay (~20-50ms) vs GEO (~35,786 km, ~250ms latency). Critical for real-time applications: video calls, gaming, financial trading.
The quantum phenomenon where particles remain correlated regardless of distance is called ________.
Answer: Entanglement
Quantum entanglement enables correlated states between particles, foundational for quantum teleportation, superdense coding, and quantum computing. Critical for understanding quantum information science.
Which symmetric encryption algorithm is considered quantum-resistant with larger key sizes?
- DES
- 3DES
- AES-256
- RC4
Answer: AES-256
AES-256 with 256-bit keys is considered quantum-resistant because Grover's algorithm only provides quadratic speedup, requiring doubling key size for equivalent security. DES/3DES/RC4 are broken or weak.
Quantum supremacy means quantum computers can solve all practical problems faster than classical computers.
- True
- False
Answer: False
Quantum supremacy (Google 2019) demonstrated solving a specific contrived problem faster than classical supercomputers. It does NOT mean universal superiority. Most practical problems still favor classical computers.
India's National Mission on Quantum Technologies allocates how much funding over 5 years?
- ₹1000 crore
- ₹5000 crore
- ₹8000 crore
- ₹15000 crore
Answer: ₹8000 crore
NM-QTA (2020) allocates ₹8000 crore for quantum computing, communication, sensing, and materials research. Implemented by DST with IITs, IISc participation. Critical for science policy questions.
The measure of how long a qubit maintains quantum state before decoherence is called ________ Time.
Answer: Coherence
Coherence time (T1 for energy relaxation, T2 for phase decoherence) determines how many quantum operations can be performed before errors dominate. Longer coherence enables more complex algorithms.
Which physical system is NOT commonly used for implementing qubits?
- Superconducting circuits
- Trapped ions
- Classical transistors
- Photonic circuits
Answer: Classical transistors
Leading qubit implementations: superconducting (IBM, Google), trapped ions (IonQ), photonic (Xanadu). Classical transistors cannot maintain quantum coherence. Critical for understanding quantum hardware landscape.
Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) provides information-theoretic security based on quantum physics principles.
- True
- False
Answer: True
QKD uses no-cloning theorem and measurement disturbance to detect eavesdropping during key exchange. Provides provable security unlike computational security of RSA/ECC. Deployed in limited networks globally.
Which cryptographic approach is being standardized by NIST to resist quantum attacks?
- Lattice-based
- Code-based
- Multivariate
- All of these
Answer: All of these
NIST PQC standardization includes: CRYSTALS-Kyber (lattice-based KEM), CRYSTALS-Dilithium (lattice signatures), SPHINCS+ (hash-based). India's CERT-In and DRDO actively research PQC adoption.
The quantum algorithm that threatens RSA encryption by factoring large integers efficiently is ________ Algorithm.
Answer: Shor's
Shor's Algorithm factors integers in polynomial time on quantum computers, breaking RSA which relies on factoring difficulty. Requires fault-tolerant quantum computers not yet available. Critical for post-quantum cryptography planning.
Which regulation requires impact assessments for high-risk AI systems in the EU?
- GDPR
- AI Act
- Digital Services Act
- Data Governance Act
Answer: AI Act
EU AI Act (2024) mandates Fundamental Rights Impact Assessments for high-risk AI: hiring, credit scoring, law enforcement. India monitors global developments for domestic policy alignment.
India's #AIforAll strategy emphasizes inclusive growth across healthcare, agriculture, and education.
- True
- False
Answer: True
#AIforAll (NITI Aayog) focuses on leveraging AI for social empowerment: AI for farmers, teachers, doctors. Balances innovation with ethics, inclusion, and national interest. Critical for AI policy questions.
Which privacy technique enables AI training without accessing raw personal data?
- Differential Privacy
- Federated Learning
- Synthetic Data
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Privacy-preserving AI: Differential Privacy adds noise to aggregates; Federated Learning trains on-device; Synthetic Data generates artificial datasets. All enable AI while protecting individual privacy.
The practice of regularly auditing AI systems for bias and performance is called AI ________.
Answer: Auditing / Assessment
AI Auditing involves systematic evaluation of models for fairness, accuracy, robustness, and compliance. Tools include bias detection frameworks, performance metrics, and third-party assessments. Critical for responsible AI deployment.
Which framework provides guidelines for trustworthy AI development adopted by India?
- OECD AI Principles
- UNESCO AI Ethics
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
India endorses OECD AI Principles (2019) and UNESCO Recommendation on AI Ethics (2021). Both emphasize human rights, transparency, accountability, and sustainability. Critical for AI governance questions.