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Which technique handles high-dimensional sparse data efficiently?
- Dimensionality Reduction
- Sparse Representations
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
High-dimensional handling: dimensionality reduction (PCA, autoencoders) compresses features; sparse representations (L1 regularization) select relevant features. Critical for text, recommendation systems.
Feature scaling ensures numerical features contribute equally to model training.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Feature scaling (standardization, normalization) prevents features with large ranges from dominating model learning. Critical for distance-based algorithms and gradient descent optimization.
Which visualization is best for showing trends over time?
- Line Chart
- Area Chart
- Both A and B
- Bar Chart
Answer: Both A and B
Time series visualization: line charts show trends clearly, area charts emphasize volume. Both effective for temporal data analysis and forecasting communication.
Which service enables serverless API management with authentication and rate limiting?
- API Gateway
- Cloud Endpoints
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
Managed API gateways (AWS API Gateway, GCP Endpoints) handle routing, auth, throttling, monitoring. Critical for secure, scalable microservices exposure.
The practice of proactively searching for threats that evade automated detection is called Threat ________.
Answer: Hunting
Threat hunting uses hypotheses, analytics, and analyst expertise to find hidden adversaries. Complements automated detection. Critical for advanced persistent threat defense.
Which technology provides centralized logging and analysis for security events?
- SIEM
- Log Management
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
SIEM platforms aggregate logs from network, endpoint, application sources, enabling correlation, alerting, and investigation. Foundation for modern security operations.
Continuous training automatically retrains models when performance degrades or new data arrives.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Continuous training pipelines monitor data drift, performance metrics, and trigger retraining with validation. Critical for maintaining ML system relevance in dynamic environments.
Which practice ensures ML models are tested for fairness across demographic groups?
- Bias Audits
- Fairness Metrics
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
Fairness testing: bias audits detect disparate impact, fairness metrics (demographic parity, equalized odds) quantify equity. Critical for ethical AI deployment in regulated sectors.
The technique that enables LLMs to generate code by learning from programming language corpora is called Code ________.
Answer: LLM / Generation
Code LLMs (Codex, CodeLlama) trained on code repositories enable natural language to code generation, debugging, and documentation. Critical for developer productivity tools.
Instruction tuning adapts LLMs to follow user instructions by training on prompt-response pairs.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Instruction tuning fine-tunes LLMs on datasets of instructions and desired responses, improving task completion and helpfulness. Foundation for chat-optimized models.
Which technique enables LLMs to answer questions by retrieving relevant passages from documents?
- Fine-tuning
- RAG
- Prompt Engineering
- All of these
Answer: RAG
Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) combines LLMs with vector search over document collections, grounding responses in verified sources. Reduces hallucinations and enables knowledge updates.
The international organization that develops global internet governance policies is called Internet ________.
Answer: Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers / ICANN
ICANN coordinates domain names, IP addresses, protocol parameters. Multi-stakeholder model ensures open, interoperable internet. India participates through government and civil society.
Which framework provides guidelines for interoperable digital public infrastructure globally?
- Digital Public Goods Alliance
- G20 DPI Framework
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
Digital Public Goods Alliance curates open-source solutions; G20 DPI Framework promotes interoperable identity, payments, data sharing. India leads global DPI advocacy.
Which initiative provides a unified interface for citizens to access government services?
- UMANG
- MyGov
- DigiLocker
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Digital India ecosystem: UMANG for service delivery, MyGov for citizen engagement, DigiLocker for documents. Integrated approach for inclusive digital governance.
The Indian policy for promoting research and development in emerging technologies is called National Mission on ________.
Answer: Interdisciplinary Cyber Physical Systems / NM-ICPS
NM-ICPS (DST) funds R&D in AI, IoT, robotics, quantum technologies. Aims to build indigenous capabilities and innovation ecosystem. Critical for strategic technology questions.
Which technique handles missing data by modeling the missingness mechanism?
- Mean Imputation
- Multiple Imputation
- Model-Based Imputation
- All of these
Answer: Model-Based Imputation
Model-based imputation (MICE, Bayesian) models relationships between variables to predict missing values, accounting for uncertainty. More robust than simple methods for complex missingness patterns.
Hyperparameter tuning optimizes model performance by searching parameter combinations.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Hyperparameter tuning: grid search, random search, Bayesian optimization. Critical for maximizing model performance but requires careful validation to avoid overfitting.
Which visualization shows the distribution of a variable across categories?
- Box Plot
- Violin Plot
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
Box plots show median, quartiles, outliers; violin plots add density estimation. Both effective for comparing distributions across categories. Critical for exploratory data analysis.
The technique that splits data into training and testing sets while preserving class distribution is called ________ Sampling.
Answer: Stratified
Stratified sampling maintains class proportions in train/test splits, critical for imbalanced classification tasks. Prevents evaluation bias from skewed splits.
Which pattern enables microservices to communicate asynchronously using message queues?
- REST APIs
- Event-Driven Architecture
- gRPC
- Both B and C
Answer: Event-Driven Architecture
Event-driven architecture uses message brokers (Kafka, RabbitMQ) for decoupled, asynchronous service communication. Enables scalability, resilience, and real-time processing.