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Answer: Mapping land use changes, biodiversity hotspots, and pollution sources
GIS enables spatial analysis and visualization of environmental data for informed decision-making in conservation, planning, and monitoring.
Answer: Integration of renewable energy, two-way communication, and demand response capabilities
Smart grids use digital technology to optimize electricity distribution, integrate renewables, and enable consumer participation in energy management.
Answer: Lower energy consumption and longer lifespan
LEDs use up to 90% less energy and last 25 times longer than incandescent bulbs, reducing electricity demand and waste.
Answer: High cost, limited lifespan, and resource constraints for materials like lithium
Battery storage faces challenges of cost, degradation over cycles, and supply chain issues for critical minerals, driving research into alternatives.
Answer: Electric vehicles powered by renewable energy
EVs powered by clean electricity reduce tailpipe emissions and greenhouse gases, contributing to sustainable urban mobility.
Answer: Ensuring fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, or income in environmental decision-making
Environmental justice addresses disproportionate environmental burdens on marginalized communities and promotes inclusive, equitable policies.
Answer: Weak enforcement of environmental laws and regulatory capture
Despite strong laws, implementation gaps, inadequate monitoring, and industry influence on regulators hinder effective environmental governance.
Answer: Formulating policies and laws for environment, forests, and wildlife conservation
MoEFCC is the nodal agency for planning, promoting, coordinating, and overseeing environmental and forestry programs in India.
Answer: Precautionary Principle and Polluter Pays Principle as part of Indian environmental law
The Court held that these international environmental principles are part of customary international law and applicable in India.
Answer: Article 48A
Article 48A (Directive Principles) mandates the State to protect and improve the environment and safeguard forests and wildlife.
Answer: Informal sector integration and lack of segregation at source
Effective plastic waste management requires formalizing informal waste pickers and ensuring households segregate waste, which remains a challenge.
Answer: Autoclaving and incineration
Biomedical waste is treated by autoclaving (steam sterilization) or incineration to destroy pathogens before disposal, as per BMW Rules.
Answer: Green
Green bins are designated for wet/biodegradable waste (food scraps, garden waste) to be composted or processed biologically.
Answer: Requires large land area and long-term monitoring for leachate and methane
Landfills need significant space, liners, leachate collection, and gas management for decades after closure to prevent environmental contamination.
Answer: Mandatory segregation of waste at source into biodegradable, recyclable, and domestic hazardous waste
Source segregation is fundamental to effective waste management, enabling recycling, composting, and safe disposal of different waste streams.
Answer: Developing early warning systems and heat action plans
Heat action plans include forecasts, public awareness, cooling centers, and healthcare preparedness to protect vulnerable populations.
Answer: Hearing loss and increased stress levels
Chronic noise exposure can cause permanent hearing damage, hypertension, sleep disturbance, and psychological stress.
Answer: Carbon monoxide
Incomplete combustion of biomass fuels releases CO, a colorless, odorless gas that reduces blood oxygen-carrying capacity, causing health hazards.
Answer: Malaria
Climate change affects temperature and rainfall patterns, altering the geographic range and seasonality of malaria-transmitting mosquitoes.
Answer: Blackfoot disease
Blackfoot disease, a peripheral vascular disease, is linked to chronic arsenic exposure through contaminated drinking water, notably in West Bengal.