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Green hydrogen produced via electrolysis using renewable electricity has zero carbon emissions.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Green hydrogen (renewable-powered electrolysis) produces only water as byproduct. Critical for decarbonizing hard-to-abate sectors: steel, cement, shipping. India's National Green Hydrogen Mission targets production leadership.
Which practice reduces data center energy consumption through efficient cooling and hardware?
- Virtualization
- Liquid Cooling
- Renewable Energy
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Green computing combines: virtualization (server consolidation), advanced cooling (liquid, free-air), renewable energy (solar, wind), and energy-efficient hardware. Critical for sustainable IT infrastructure.
The mechanism that allows countries to trade carbon credits for emission reductions is called ________ Trading.
Answer: Carbon / Emissions
Carbon trading (cap-and-trade) sets emission limits and allows trading of allowances. India exploring carbon markets under Climate Change Act. Critical for climate policy and finance questions.
Which technology captures CO2 from industrial emissions for storage or utilization?
- Carbon Capture and Storage
- Direct Air Capture
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
CCS captures CO2 from point sources (power plants); DAC extracts from ambient air. Both enable net-zero pathways. India developing CCS roadmap under National Carbon Capture Program.
Reusable launch vehicles reduce space access costs by enabling multiple flights of same hardware.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Reusable rockets (SpaceX Falcon 9, ISRO RLV-TD) recover and refurbish boosters, reducing launch costs by 30-70%. Critical for sustainable space economy and frequent satellite deployments.
Which international agreement governs activities on the Moon and other celestial bodies?
- Outer Space Treaty
- Moon Agreement
- Artemis Accords
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Outer Space Treaty (1967) establishes foundational principles; Moon Agreement (1979) addresses resource use (limited ratification); Artemis Accords (2020) promote peaceful lunar exploration. India signed Artemis Accords.
The frequency band used for high-bandwidth satellite internet in Ka-band is ________ GHz.
Answer: 26.5-40
Ka-band (26.5-40 GHz) offers high bandwidth for satellite broadband but susceptible to rain attenuation. Requires adaptive coding and ground station diversity. Critical for satellite communication planning.
Which ISRO mission is designed to study the Sun's corona and space weather?
- Chandrayaan-3
- Aditya-L1
- Gaganyaan
- NISAR
Answer: Aditya-L1
Aditya-L1 positioned at Sun-Earth L1 point for uninterrupted solar observation. Studies coronal heating, CMEs, solar flares critical for space weather forecasting affecting satellites and power grids.
Chandrayaan-3's successful landing near Moon's south pole enables study of water ice deposits.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Moon's south pole has permanently shadowed craters with water ice, valuable for future lunar bases (life support, rocket fuel). Chandrayaan-3's Pragyan rover analyzed soil composition. Critical for space resource questions.
Which company operates the OneWeb satellite constellation partly owned by Indian entities?
- SpaceX
- OneWeb
- Amazon Kuiper
- Telesat
Answer: OneWeb
OneWeb (Bharti Group partnership) operates LEO constellation for global broadband, especially rural/remote areas. Competes with Starlink. Critical for digital connectivity and space commerce questions.
The Indian regional navigation satellite system providing positioning services is called ________.
Answer: NavIC
NavIC (Navigation with Indian Constellation) has 7 satellites providing positioning accuracy better than 20m over India and 1500 km surrounding area. Alternative to GPS for strategic autonomy.
Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellations provide lower latency than geostationary satellites for internet services.
- True
- False
Answer: True
LEO satellites (~500-2000 km altitude) have lower propagation delay (~20-50ms) vs GEO (~35,786 km, ~250ms latency). Critical for real-time applications: video calls, gaming, financial trading.
The quantum phenomenon where particles remain correlated regardless of distance is called ________.
Answer: Entanglement
Quantum entanglement enables correlated states between particles, foundational for quantum teleportation, superdense coding, and quantum computing. Critical for understanding quantum information science.
Which symmetric encryption algorithm is considered quantum-resistant with larger key sizes?
- DES
- 3DES
- AES-256
- RC4
Answer: AES-256
AES-256 with 256-bit keys is considered quantum-resistant because Grover's algorithm only provides quadratic speedup, requiring doubling key size for equivalent security. DES/3DES/RC4 are broken or weak.
Quantum supremacy means quantum computers can solve all practical problems faster than classical computers.
- True
- False
Answer: False
Quantum supremacy (Google 2019) demonstrated solving a specific contrived problem faster than classical supercomputers. It does NOT mean universal superiority. Most practical problems still favor classical computers.
India's National Mission on Quantum Technologies allocates how much funding over 5 years?
- ₹1000 crore
- ₹5000 crore
- ₹8000 crore
- ₹15000 crore
Answer: ₹8000 crore
NM-QTA (2020) allocates ₹8000 crore for quantum computing, communication, sensing, and materials research. Implemented by DST with IITs, IISc participation. Critical for science policy questions.
The measure of how long a qubit maintains quantum state before decoherence is called ________ Time.
Answer: Coherence
Coherence time (T1 for energy relaxation, T2 for phase decoherence) determines how many quantum operations can be performed before errors dominate. Longer coherence enables more complex algorithms.
Which physical system is NOT commonly used for implementing qubits?
- Superconducting circuits
- Trapped ions
- Classical transistors
- Photonic circuits
Answer: Classical transistors
Leading qubit implementations: superconducting (IBM, Google), trapped ions (IonQ), photonic (Xanadu). Classical transistors cannot maintain quantum coherence. Critical for understanding quantum hardware landscape.
Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) provides information-theoretic security based on quantum physics principles.
- True
- False
Answer: True
QKD uses no-cloning theorem and measurement disturbance to detect eavesdropping during key exchange. Provides provable security unlike computational security of RSA/ECC. Deployed in limited networks globally.
Which cryptographic approach is being standardized by NIST to resist quantum attacks?
- Lattice-based
- Code-based
- Multivariate
- All of these
Answer: All of these
NIST PQC standardization includes: CRYSTALS-Kyber (lattice-based KEM), CRYSTALS-Dilithium (lattice signatures), SPHINCS+ (hash-based). India's CERT-In and DRDO actively research PQC adoption.