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Which organization develops global web standards like HTML, CSS, and accessibility guidelines?
- W3C
- IETF
- ISO
- IEEE
Answer: W3C
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) develops web standards ensuring interoperability, accessibility, innovation. India participates through W3C India office.
The platform that enables online filing of income tax returns is called ________ Portal.
Answer: e-Filing
Income Tax e-Filing Portal enables online return submission, refund tracking, compliance services. Integrated with Aadhaar, PAN, pre-filled data. Critical for digital tax administration.
DigiLocker documents have legal validity equivalent to physical originals under the IT Act.
- True
- False
Answer: True
As per IT Rules, documents issued by registered authorities through DigiLocker are legally valid and equivalent to physical originals under the Information Technology Act, 2000.
Which platform enables citizens to access central and state government services via mobile?
- UMANG
- MyGov
- DigiLocker
- e-Taal
Answer: UMANG
UMANG (Unified Mobile Application for New-age Governance) offers 1,200+ services: Aadhaar, PAN, EPFO, utilities, health. Multilingual, voice search, offline access.
Which technique identifies unusual patterns that deviate from expected behavior?
- Classification
- Regression
- Anomaly Detection
- Association Rules
Answer: Anomaly Detection
Anomaly detection (Isolation Forest, Autoencoders, statistical methods) identifies outliers indicating fraud, failures, or novel events. Critical for security, monitoring, quality control.
Interactive dashboards enable users to explore data dynamically through filters and drill-downs.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Interactive visualizations (Tableau, Power BI, Plotly) enable self-service analytics: filtering, sorting, drilling into details. Critical for data-driven decision making across organizations.
The technique that groups similar data points without predefined labels is called ________.
Answer: Clustering
Clustering (K-means, hierarchical, DBSCAN) discovers natural groupings in unlabeled data. Applications: customer segmentation, anomaly detection, document organization.
Which technique enables prediction of future values based on historical time series data?
- Regression
- Classification
- Time Series Forecasting
- Clustering
Answer: Time Series Forecasting
Time series forecasting (ARIMA, Prophet, LSTM) models temporal patterns for demand prediction, anomaly detection, capacity planning. Critical for business planning and operations.
Data minimization requires collecting only necessary personal information for AI training.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Data minimization (DPDP Act, GDPR) limits collection to what's necessary for specified purpose. Reduces privacy risks, storage costs, breach impact. Critical for responsible AI data practices.
Which chart type is most effective for comparing proportions of categories?
- Bar Chart
- Pie Chart
- Stacked Bar
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Proportion visualization: bar charts for clear comparison, pie charts for part-to-whole (limited categories), stacked bars for multiple groups. Choice depends on data and audience.
The visualization type best for showing correlation between two continuous variables is ________ Plot.
Answer: Scatter
Scatter plots display individual data points for two variables, revealing correlations, clusters, outliers. Foundation for regression analysis and exploratory data science.
Algorithmic bias can perpetuate societal inequalities if not actively mitigated in ML systems.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Bias in training data or model design can lead to discriminatory outcomes. Mitigation: diverse datasets, fairness metrics, bias audits, human oversight. Critical for ethical AI deployment.
Which principle requires AI systems to be understandable to non-technical stakeholders?
- Fairness
- Transparency
- Accountability
- Privacy
Answer: Transparency
Transparency (Explainable AI/XAI) ensures AI decisions can be interpreted by humans. Techniques: LIME, SHAP, attention visualization. Critical for trust, debugging, regulatory compliance.
The process of combining data from multiple sources into a unified view is called Data ________.
Answer: Integration / Warehousing
Data integration combines disparate sources via ETL/ELT, virtualization, or federation. Enables unified analytics, reporting, and decision-making. Critical for enterprise data strategy.
Which disaster recovery strategy maintains fully operational standby in another region?
- Backup and Restore
- Pilot Light
- Warm Standby
- Multi-Site Active-Active
Answer: Multi-Site Active-Active
Active-active runs full workload in multiple regions simultaneously, enabling instant failover with zero RPO/RTO. Highest cost but maximum resilience. Critical for mission-critical systems.
The technology that enables querying data directly in object storage without loading into database is called ________ Query.
Answer: Serverless / Athena
Serverless query engines (AWS Athena, Google BigQuery) enable SQL queries directly on data in object storage using schema-on-read. Eliminates ETL for ad-hoc analysis. Pay-per-query pricing.
Which practice defines infrastructure in declarative code for version-controlled provisioning?
- Infrastructure as Code
- Configuration Management
- GitOps
- All of these
Answer: All of these
IaC (Terraform), Configuration Management (Ansible), GitOps all use version-controlled code to define infrastructure state. Enables repeatability, auditability, peer review, automated testing.
Data lakes store raw, unprocessed data in native format, while data warehouses store structured, processed data.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Data lakes (S3, ADLS) store raw structured/unstructured data for flexible analysis; data warehouses (Snowflake, Redshift) store curated, schema-on-write data for BI. Modern: lakehouse pattern combines both.
Which service provides managed Kubernetes for container orchestration?
- EKS
- AKS
- GKE
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Managed Kubernetes: EKS (AWS), AKS (Azure), GKE (GCP) handle control plane, updates, scaling. Abstracts infrastructure while retaining container flexibility. Critical for cloud-native development.
The data format optimized for columnar storage and analytics workloads is called ________.
Answer: Parquet
Parquet is columnar storage format optimized for analytics: efficient compression, predicate pushdown, schema evolution. Reduces I/O by reading only required columns. Used in Spark, Hive, Presto.