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Multi-junction solar cells achieve >30% efficiency by stacking semiconductor layers tuned to different wavelengths.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Triple-junction GaInP/GaAs/Ge cells capture broader solar spectrum, reaching 32-35% efficiency vs ~20% for silicon; standard on GEO/deep space missions.
Interferometry combines signals from multiple telescopes to achieve angular resolution equivalent to a single dish spanning their separation.
- True
- False
Answer: True
VLBI/optical interferometry synthesizes aperture equal to baseline length; EHT achieved µas resolution imaging black holes using global telescope network.
Carbon-carbon composites are used in nose cones and leading edges due to high-temperature resistance.
- True
- False
Answer: True
C-C composites retain strength above 2000°C without melting, ideal for re-entry vehicle hotspots; used in Space Shuttle nose cone and wing leading edges.
Charon is tidally locked to Pluto such that both always show the same face to each other.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Pluto-Charon system is mutually tidally locked due to close proximity and comparable mass ratio; both bodies keep same hemisphere facing each other permanently.
Red supergiants are the immediate precursors to Type II supernovae.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Massive stars (>8 solar masses) evolve into red supergiants before core collapse triggers Type II-P/L supernovae; Betelgeuse and Antares are current examples.
Tidal locking causes a moon to always show the same face to its parent planet.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Tidal dissipation synchronizes rotation/orbital periods over time; most major moons including Earth's Moon are tidally locked.
Passivation of spent rocket stages prevents accidental explosions that create debris.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Passivation vents residual propellants/batteries, eliminating explosion risks; mandated by international guidelines (IADC/UN COPUOS).
Supersonic parachutes are ineffective for landing heavy payloads on Mars due to thin atmosphere.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Mars' thin atmosphere limits parachute deceleration; payloads >1 ton require supplemental propulsion (sky crane/retro-rockets) as used by Curiosity/Perseverance.
O-type stars are the hottest and most massive main-sequence stars.
- True
- False
Answer: True
O-stars (>30,000 K, >16 solar masses) dominate UV output and drive feedback in star-forming regions, living only few million years.
The Nice model explains late heavy bombardment via planetary migration in early solar system.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Nice model posits giant planets migrated after gas disk dispersal, destabilizing planetesimal disk and triggering LHB ~4 Ga ago.
Robotic refueling missions aim to extend satellite lifetimes by replenishing propellant in orbit.
- True
- False
Answer: True
NASA's OSAM-1 and Northrop Grumman's MEV demonstrate on-orbit servicing/refueling, reducing space debris and maximizing asset value.
Optical (laser) communication offers higher data rates than RF but requires precise pointing.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Lasercom achieves Gbps-Tbps rates with narrow beams, demanding µrad-level pointing accuracy; demonstrated by LCRD, EDRS, and upcoming Indian missions.
Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) are a leading candidate for cold dark matter.
- True
- False
Answer: True
WIMPs naturally arise in supersymmetry theories, interacting via weak nuclear force/gravity, matching observed dark matter abundance through thermal freeze-out.
Horseshoe orbits describe co-orbital motion where objects appear to trace horseshoe paths relative to a planet.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Objects like 3753 Cruithne exhibit horseshoe orbits relative to Earth, exchanging angular momentum without collision due to 1:1 mean-motion resonance.
Additive manufacturing (3D printing) is used to produce complex rocket engine components with reduced part count.
- True
- False
Answer: True
3D-printed injectors, chambers, and nozzles consolidate assemblies into single parts, cutting weight/cost; used in SpaceX SuperDraco and ISRO SCE-200 engines.
Telemetry, Tracking, and Command (TT&C) stations use S-band for near-Earth and X-band for deep space missions.
- True
- False
Answer: True
S-band (2-4 GHz) handles LEO/GEO TT&C; X-band (7-8 GHz) provides higher data rates for deep space links with reduced interference.
Molecular clouds are the coldest and densest regions of the interstellar medium where stars form.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Giant molecular clouds (10-20 K, 10²-10⁶ particles/cm³) shield molecules from UV radiation, enabling gravitational collapse and star formation.
Ganymede is the only moon in the solar system known to have its own intrinsic magnetic field.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Ganymede possesses a dipole magnetic field generated by dynamo action in its liquid iron core, creating a mini-magnetosphere within Jupiter's magnetosphere.
Multi-layer insulation (MLI) blankets protect spacecraft from extreme temperature variations in vacuum.
- True
- False
Answer: True
MLI consists of reflective foil layers separated by spacers, minimizing radiative heat transfer and maintaining thermal stability in space environment.
Planetary nebulae are formed by supernova explosions of massive stars.
- True
- False
Answer: False
Planetary nebulae result from low-to-intermediate mass stars (1-8 solar masses) ejecting outer layers during AGB phase; supernovae involve massive stars >8 solar masses.