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The Adaptation Fund under the Kyoto Protocol finances projects in developing countries to cope with ________ impacts.
- Economic
- Climate
- Health
- Technological
Answer: Climate
Adaptation Fund supports concrete adaptation projects/programs: early warning systems, climate-resilient agriculture, coastal protection. India has accessed funds for community-based adaptation in vulnerable regions. [[MoEFCC, UNFCCC Reports]]
True or False: Senolytics are drugs that selectively eliminate senescent cells to delay age-related diseases.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Senescent cells accumulate with age, secreting inflammatory factors (SASP). Senolytics (e.g., dasatinib + quercetin) clear them, improving healthspan in preclinical models. Clinical trials ongoing for osteoarthritis, fibrosis. [[ICMR Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]
Perovskite solar cells suffer from instability primarily due to:
- Moisture sensitivity
- Thermal degradation
- Ion migration
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Hybrid perovskites (e.g., MAPbI₃) degrade under humidity, heat, light, electric fields. Research focuses on compositional engineering, encapsulation, inorganic perovskites for commercial viability. India's NISE supports R&D. [[MNRE Reports, NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
Ion thrusters used in spacecraft propulsion accelerate ions using ________ fields to generate thrust.
- Magnetic
- Electric
- Gravitational
- Electromagnetic
Answer: Electric
Ion engines: electric fields accelerate xenon ions to high velocity, producing efficient low-thrust propulsion. Used in deep-space missions (e.g., Chandrayaan-2 orbiter). High specific impulse enables long-duration missions. [[ISRO Reports, NCERT Physics Class 11]]
True or False: India's National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (#AIforAll) emphasizes responsible AI development with focus on inclusion, safety, and privacy.
- True
- False
Answer: True
NITI Aayog's strategy (2018) identifies healthcare, agriculture, education, infrastructure, mobility as priority sectors. Principles: safety, reliability, inclusivity, transformation, accountability. Guides public-private AI initiatives. [[NITI Aayog Reports]]
Climate-induced migration in India is primarily driven by:
- Sea-level rise in coastal areas
- Droughts and water scarcity
- Extreme weather events
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Climate stressors displace populations: Sundarbans (erosion), Rajasthan (drought), Assam (floods). Internal migration requires adaptive policies: livelihood support, urban planning, social protection. [[MoEFCC, NITI Aayog Reports]]
Spatial transcriptomics combines gene expression profiling with ________ information to map RNA within tissue sections.
- Temporal
- Spatial
- Metabolic
- Proteomic
Answer: Spatial
Techniques like 10x Visium, MERFISH preserve tissue architecture while sequencing RNA. Reveals cell-cell interactions, tissue organization in development, disease. Transformative for cancer biology, neuroscience. [[DBT Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]
True or False: Deep eutectic solvents (DES) are mixtures of hydrogen bond donors and acceptors with melting points lower than individual components.
- True
- False
Answer: True
DES: cheap, biodegradable, tunable solvents for extraction, catalysis, electrochemistry. Alternative to volatile organic solvents; aligns with green chemistry. Research ongoing in Indian institutions for biomass processing. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
Strong gravitational lensing by massive galaxy clusters can produce:
- Einstein rings
- Multiple images of background sources
- Magnification of faint objects
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Massive objects bend spacetime, deflecting light from background sources. Strong lensing creates arcs, rings, multiple images; used to map dark matter, study early galaxies. ISRO's AstroSat contributes to multi-wavelength lensing studies. [[NCERT Physics Class 11, IUCAA Reports]]
The Account Aggregator framework in India enables consent-based sharing of ________ data among financial institutions.
- Credit
- Transaction
- Identity
- Biometric
Answer: Transaction
AA ecosystem: users grant consent via AA apps to share financial data (bank statements, investments) securely with lenders, insurers. Enhances credit access, reduces paperwork, empowers data principals. [[RBI, MeitY Reports]]
True or False: The circular carbon economy framework emphasizes Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, and Remove (4R) for CO₂ management.
- True
- False
Answer: True
4R approach: Reduce emissions, Reuse CO₂ as feedstock, Recycle carbon in materials, Remove CO₂ via DAC/afforestation. Holistic strategy for net-zero; India advocates balanced implementation considering development needs. [[MoEFCC, NITI Aayog Reports]]
The gut-brain axis involves communication via:
- Vagus nerve signaling
- Microbial metabolites (SCFAs)
- Immune system modulation
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Gut microbiota influence brain function and behavior through neural, endocrine, immune pathways. Links to depression, anxiety, neurodegenerative diseases. Probiotics/prebiotics being explored for mental health interventions. [[ICMR Reports, NCERT Biology Class 11]]
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) store hydrogen via ________ adsorption at cryogenic temperatures.
- Chemical
- Physical
- Electrochemical
- Biological
Answer: Physical
Physisorption: weak van der Waals forces bind H₂ to high-surface-area MOFs. Reversible, fast kinetics; challenges: low volumetric density at ambient conditions. Research focuses on optimizing pore chemistry for room-temperature storage. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
True or False: Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) offer enhanced safety features and flexibility compared to conventional large reactors.
- True
- False
Answer: True
SMRs (<300 MWe) use passive safety systems, factory fabrication, modular deployment. Suitable for remote areas, industrial heat, grid support. India's NPCIL is exploring SMR designs for domestic and export markets. [[DAE Reports, NCERT Physics Class 12]]
AI models are used in climate science primarily for:
- Improving weather forecast accuracy
- Downscaling global climate models
- Detecting extreme events in satellite data
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Machine learning enhances climate prediction: emulating complex physics, analyzing big data (satellite, sensors), optimizing renewable integration. India's National AI Strategy identifies climate action as a key sector. [[NITI Aayog, MoES Reports]]
Green bonds are debt instruments issued to raise capital specifically for projects with ________ benefits.
- Social
- Environmental
- Economic
- Cultural
Answer: Environmental
Green bonds fund renewable energy, clean transport, sustainable water management, etc. India is among top emerging market issuers. SEBI's Green Bond Guidelines (2017) ensure transparency and impact reporting. [[SEBI, MoEFCC Reports]]
True or False: SHERLOCK and DETECTR are CRISPR-based diagnostic platforms that detect nucleic acids with high specificity.
- True
- False
Answer: True
These platforms use Cas13/Cas12 collateral cleavage activated by target binding, coupled with reporter molecules. Enable rapid, portable detection of pathogens (viruses, bacteria), genetic mutations. Potential for point-of-care testing. [[DBT Reports, ICMR Guidelines]]
Electrochemical reduction of CO₂ can produce valuable chemicals like:
- Formic acid
- Carbon monoxide
- Ethylene
- All of these
Answer: All of these
CO₂ electrolysis using catalysts (Cu, Ag, molecular complexes) yields fuels/chemicals: CO, formate, ethylene, ethanol. Enables carbon recycling; challenges: selectivity, energy efficiency, scale-up. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12, DST Reports]]
Quantum teleportation transfers the quantum state of a particle using ________ and classical communication.
- Entanglement
- Superposition
- Interference
- Diffraction
Answer: Entanglement
Quantum teleportation: entangled pair shared between sender/receiver; Bell measurement + classical bits enable state reconstruction. Does not transmit matter/energy; foundational for quantum internet. India's QuEST program advances this research. [[DST Reports]]
True or False: Digital twins of bridges or power grids enable predictive maintenance by simulating real-time sensor data.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Digital twins integrate IoT sensors, AI, physics-based models to monitor asset health, predict failures, optimize operations. Used in smart cities, industrial plants, transportation. Reduces downtime, enhances safety. [[NITI Aayog, MeitY Reports]]