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The phenomenon where light bends around obstacles is called:
- Reflection
- Refraction
- Diffraction
- Dispersion
Answer: Diffraction
Diffraction is the bending of waves around obstacles or through openings, characteristic of wave behavior. Explains patterns in single-slit experiments. Important for wave optics. [[NCERT Physics Class 12]]
True or False: At equilibrium, the forward and reverse reaction rates are zero.
- True
- False
Answer: False
At dynamic equilibrium, forward and reverse rates are equal (not zero), so concentrations remain constant. Reactions continue but with no net change. Key concept in chemical kinetics. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 11]]
Which vitamin is water-soluble?
- Vitamin A
- Vitamin D
- Vitamin K
- Vitamin C
Answer: Vitamin C
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and B-complex vitamins are water-soluble; excess is excreted in urine. Vitamins A, D, E, K are fat-soluble and stored in liver. Important for nutrition questions. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
True or False: Blockchain technology is primarily used for cryptocurrency transactions only.
- True
- False
Answer: False
While Bitcoin popularized blockchain, its applications include supply chain tracking, voting systems, healthcare records, and smart contracts. Decentralized ledger technology has broad utility. [[NITI Aayog Reports]]
True or False: EDTA is a monodentate ligand.
- True
- False
Answer: False
EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetate) is a hexadentate ligand, forming six coordinate bonds with metal ions. Used in chelation therapy and water softening. Important for advanced chemistry. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
The rate of a chemical reaction doubles for every 10°C rise in temperature. This is described by:
- Arrhenius equation
- Le Chatelier's principle
- Hardy-Schulze rule
- Van't Hoff rule
Answer: Van't Hoff rule
Van't Hoff approximation states reaction rate roughly doubles per 10°C temperature increase. Arrhenius equation gives precise temperature dependence. Important for kinetics problems. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
Photoelectric effect demonstrates the ________ nature of light.
- Wave
- Particle
- Dual
- Electromagnetic
Answer: Particle
Einstein explained photoelectric effect using photons (light quanta), showing particle behavior. This contributed to quantum theory. Wave nature is shown by interference/diffraction. [[NCERT Physics Class 12]]
True or False: In a galvanic cell, oxidation occurs at the cathode.
- True
- False
Answer: False
In galvanic (voltaic) cells: oxidation at anode (loss of e⁻), reduction at cathode (gain of e⁻). Mnemonic: 'AnOx RedCat'. Critical for electrochemistry problems. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
CRISPR-Cas9 is a technology used for:
- DNA sequencing
- Gene editing
- Protein synthesis
- Cloning
Answer: Gene editing
CRISPR-Cas9 allows precise modification of DNA sequences by cutting at targeted locations. It has applications in medicine, agriculture, and research. Emerging topic for science and tech sections. [[DBT Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]
True or False: Catalysts increase the activation energy of a chemical reaction.
- True
- False
Answer: False
Catalysts lower activation energy, speeding up reactions without being consumed. They provide alternative pathways. Enzymes are biological catalysts. Key concept in chemical kinetics. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
Which type of bond is formed by sharing of electrons between atoms?
- Ionic bond
- Covalent bond
- Metallic bond
- Hydrogen bond
Answer: Covalent bond
Covalent bonds involve electron sharing between non-metals (e.g., H₂O, CH₄). Ionic bonds transfer electrons (e.g., NaCl). Bond type determines compound properties. Advanced concept for competitive exams. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 11]]
Which of the following is NOT a type of machine learning?
- Supervised Learning
- Unsupervised Learning
- Reinforcement Learning
- Deterministic Learning
Answer: Deterministic Learning
Main ML types are supervised (labeled data), unsupervised (unlabeled patterns), and reinforcement (reward-based). 'Deterministic Learning' isn't a standard category; ML often deals with probabilistic outcomes. Emerging topic for tech-awareness sections. [[NITI Aayog Reports]]
The functional group -COOH is characteristic of ________ acids.
- Amino
- Carboxylic
- Fatty
- Mineral
Answer: Carboxylic
Carboxylic acids contain the carboxyl group (-COOH), which imparts acidic properties. Examples include acetic acid (vinegar) and citric acid. This group is central to organic chemistry reactions and biochemistry. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
True or False: According to the second law of thermodynamics, entropy of an isolated system always decreases.
- True
- False
Answer: False
The second law states that entropy (disorder) of an isolated system never decreases; it either increases or remains constant. This explains irreversibility of natural processes and is fundamental in physics and engineering. [[NCERT Physics Class 11]]
True or False: Mitochondrial DNA is inherited only from the father.
- True
- False
Answer: False
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is maternally inherited in humans. Sperm mitochondria are typically degraded after fertilization, so offspring inherit mtDNA exclusively from the mother. This is crucial for evolutionary studies and forensic analysis. [[NCERT Biology Class 12]]