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True or False: India's Deep Ocean Mission aims to explore polymetallic nodules and develop oceanic thermal energy conversion (OTEC).
- True
- False
Answer: True
Deep Ocean Mission (MoES) focuses on deep-sea mining, OTEC, desalination, biodiversity exploration. Supports blue economy goals: sustainable use of ocean resources for growth, livelihoods, ecosystem health. [[MoES Reports, NCERT Geography Class 11]]
CAR-T therapy engineers a patient's T cells to express chimeric antigen receptors targeting:
- Bacterial antigens
- Viral proteins
- Tumor-specific antigens
- Autoantigens
Answer: Tumor-specific antigens
CAR-T cells recognize cancer cell surface markers (e.g., CD19 in B-cell malignancies), triggering targeted destruction. Personalized immunotherapy with high response rates in refractory cancers. Approved for certain leukemias/lymphomas. [[ICMR Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]
Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) in mRNA vaccines protect the mRNA and facilitate its entry into cells via ________.
- Diffusion
- Endocytosis
- Osmosis
- Active transport
Answer: Endocytosis
LNPs fuse with cell membranes or are internalized via endocytosis; endosomal escape releases mRNA into cytoplasm for translation. Key innovation enabling mRNA vaccine efficacy and stability. [[ICMR Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]
True or False: Hydrometallurgical processes use aqueous solutions to recover valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Hydrometallurgy: leaching with acids/bases dissolves Li, Co, Ni, Mn; followed by solvent extraction, precipitation. More environmentally friendly than pyrometallurgy. Critical for circular economy in EV supply chains. [[MoEFCC Guidelines, NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
Green hydrogen is produced by electrolysis of water using electricity from:
- Coal power plants
- Natural gas reforming
- Renewable energy sources
- Nuclear power
Answer: Renewable energy sources
Green H₂: water electrolysis powered by solar/wind yields zero-carbon fuel. Critical for decarbonizing steel, ammonia, heavy transport. India's National Green Hydrogen Mission targets cost reduction and scale-up. [[MNRE Reports, NCERT Chemistry Class 11]]
Atomic clocks used in GPS satellites rely on the hyperfine transition of ________ atoms for precise timekeeping.
- Hydrogen
- Cesium
- Rubidium
- Strontium
Answer: Cesium
Cesium-133 hyperfine transition (9,192,631,770 Hz) defines the SI second. Atomic clocks enable GPS positioning accuracy (~5-10 m). Next-gen optical clocks (Sr, Yb) promise 100x improvement. [[NCERT Physics Class 11, ISRO Reports]]
True or False: India Stack is a set of open APIs and digital public goods that enable paperless, presence-less, and cashless service delivery.
- True
- False
Answer: True
India Stack includes Aadhaar (identity), UPI (payments), e-KYC, DigiLocker, Account Aggregator. Open, interoperable infrastructure fostering innovation in fintech, healthtech, edtech. Model for Global South. [[NITI Aayog, MeitY Reports]]
Non-invasive BCIs typically use which technique to record brain activity?
- Electrocorticography (ECoG)
- Electroencephalography (EEG)
- Functional MRI
- Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
Answer: Electroencephalography (EEG)
EEG places electrodes on scalp to detect electrical activity from neuronal populations. Portable, low-cost, real-time; used in neurofeedback, prosthetics control, communication aids for locked-in patients. [[NCERT Biology Class 11, DBT Reports]]
Neuromorphic chips mimic the human brain's architecture using ________ to process information efficiently.
- Transistors
- Memristors
- Capacitors
- Inductors
Answer: Memristors
Memristors (memory resistors) emulate synaptic plasticity, enabling low-power, parallel processing for AI tasks. Applications: edge AI, robotics, brain-machine interfaces. India's National Mission on Interdisciplinary Cyber-Physical Systems supports R&D. [[MeitY, DST Reports]]
True or False: The principle of Common But Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR) acknowledges varying national capabilities in addressing climate change.
- True
- False
Answer: True
CBDR (UNFCCC, 1992) recognizes historical emissions and development needs: developed countries take lead in mitigation/finance. Foundation for climate equity negotiations. India advocates CBDR in global forums. [[MoEFCC, UNFCCC Reports]]
Direct Air Capture (DAC) technology removes CO₂ directly from:
- Flue gases
- Ambient air
- Ocean water
- Soil
Answer: Ambient air
DAC uses chemical sorbents to capture CO₂ from atmosphere (~400 ppm), enabling negative emissions. Energy-intensive but crucial for hard-to-abate sectors. India's National Carbon Capture Program supports R&D. [[MoEFCC, DST Reports]]
India's Long-Term Low-Emission Development Strategy (LT-LEDS) targets net-zero emissions by the year ________.
- 2050
- 2060
- 2070
- 2080
Answer: 2070
India announced net-zero by 2070 at COP26 (2021), with interim targets: 500 GW non-fossil capacity, 50% renewable energy, 1 billion tonne CO₂ reduction by 2030. Balanced approach considering development needs. [[MoEFCC, NITI Aayog Reports]]
True or False: Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an approved treatment for recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection.
- True
- False
Answer: True
FMT restores healthy gut microbiota by transferring processed stool from a donor. Highly effective (>90%) for recurrent C. diff. Research ongoing for IBD, obesity, autism. Regulated by CDSCO in India. [[ICMR Guidelines, NCERT Biology Class 12]]
Liquid biopsy for cancer detection primarily analyzes which component in blood?
- Red blood cells
- Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA)
- Platelets
- White blood cells
Answer: Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA)
ctDNA fragments released by tumors into bloodstream carry tumor-specific mutations. Liquid biopsy enables non-invasive cancer detection, monitoring treatment response, and identifying resistance mechanisms. Emerging tool in precision oncology. [[ICMR Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]
Organoids are 3D miniaturized versions of organs grown from ________ cells that mimic key structural and functional properties.
- Prokaryotic
- Stem
- Epithelial
- Blood
Answer: Stem
Organoids derived from pluripotent or adult stem cells self-organize into tissue-like structures. Used for disease modeling (e.g., brain, gut, liver), drug screening, and personalized medicine. Ethical alternative to animal testing. [[DBT Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]
True or False: Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are biopolymers produced by microbial fermentation of sugars or lipids.
- True
- False
Answer: True
PHAs are biodegradable polyesters synthesized by bacteria as carbon storage. Fully compostable, used in packaging, medical implants. Aligns with circular economy goals; India promotes R&D under National Biofuels Policy. [[MoEFCC, NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
Which battery chemistry offers the highest energy density for electric vehicles?
- Lead-acid
- Nickel-Metal Hydride
- Lithium-ion
- Sodium-ion
Answer: Lithium-ion
Li-ion batteries (150-250 Wh/kg) provide superior energy density, cycle life, and power-to-weight ratio vs. alternatives. Dominant in EVs, smartphones, grid storage. Research focuses on solid-state Li-ion for enhanced safety. [[MNRE Reports, NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
AlphaFold, developed by DeepMind, uses deep learning to predict the ________ structure of proteins.
- Primary
- Secondary
- Tertiary
- Quaternary
Answer: Tertiary
AlphaFold predicts 3D protein structures from amino acid sequences with atomic accuracy, revolutionizing structural biology. Critical for rational drug design, understanding disease mechanisms, and enzyme engineering. [[DBT Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]
True or False: The India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) aims to study atmospheric neutrinos using a magnetized iron calorimeter detector.
- True
- False
Answer: True
INO (proposed in Theni, Tamil Nadu) will house a 50-kton ICAL detector to study neutrino mass hierarchy and oscillation parameters. Neutrinos are elusive particles that can reveal fundamental physics beyond the Standard Model. [[DST Reports, NCERT Physics Class 12]]
Gravitational waves were first directly detected by which observatory?
- LIGO
- VIRGO
- GEO600
- KAGRA
Answer: LIGO
LIGO (Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory) made the first direct detection of gravitational waves in 2015 (announced 2016), confirming Einstein's 1916 prediction. Waves originated from merging black holes 1.3 billion light-years away. Nobel Prize in Physics 2017. [[NCERT Physics Class 11, IUCAA Reports]]