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Which body regulates data protection and privacy in India?
- Data Protection Board
- CERT-In
- TRAI
- MeitY
Answer: Data Protection Board
Data Protection Board of India (under DPDP Act 2023) adjudicates disputes, imposes penalties, enforces compliance. Distinct from CERT-In (cyber incidents) and MeitY (policy).
Which technique handles high-dimensional sparse data efficiently?
- Dimensionality Reduction
- Sparse Representations
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
High-dimensional handling: dimensionality reduction (PCA, autoencoders) compresses features; sparse representations (L1 regularization) select relevant features. Critical for text, recommendation systems.
Which visualization is best for showing trends over time?
- Line Chart
- Area Chart
- Both A and B
- Bar Chart
Answer: Both A and B
Time series visualization: line charts show trends clearly, area charts emphasize volume. Both effective for temporal data analysis and forecasting communication.
Which service enables serverless API management with authentication and rate limiting?
- API Gateway
- Cloud Endpoints
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
Managed API gateways (AWS API Gateway, GCP Endpoints) handle routing, auth, throttling, monitoring. Critical for secure, scalable microservices exposure.
Which technology provides centralized logging and analysis for security events?
- SIEM
- Log Management
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
SIEM platforms aggregate logs from network, endpoint, application sources, enabling correlation, alerting, and investigation. Foundation for modern security operations.
Which practice ensures ML models are tested for fairness across demographic groups?
- Bias Audits
- Fairness Metrics
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
Fairness testing: bias audits detect disparate impact, fairness metrics (demographic parity, equalized odds) quantify equity. Critical for ethical AI deployment in regulated sectors.
Which technique enables LLMs to answer questions by retrieving relevant passages from documents?
- Fine-tuning
- RAG
- Prompt Engineering
- All of these
Answer: RAG
Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) combines LLMs with vector search over document collections, grounding responses in verified sources. Reduces hallucinations and enables knowledge updates.
Which framework provides guidelines for interoperable digital public infrastructure globally?
- Digital Public Goods Alliance
- G20 DPI Framework
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
Digital Public Goods Alliance curates open-source solutions; G20 DPI Framework promotes interoperable identity, payments, data sharing. India leads global DPI advocacy.
Which initiative provides a unified interface for citizens to access government services?
- UMANG
- MyGov
- DigiLocker
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Digital India ecosystem: UMANG for service delivery, MyGov for citizen engagement, DigiLocker for documents. Integrated approach for inclusive digital governance.
Which technique handles missing data by modeling the missingness mechanism?
- Mean Imputation
- Multiple Imputation
- Model-Based Imputation
- All of these
Answer: Model-Based Imputation
Model-based imputation (MICE, Bayesian) models relationships between variables to predict missing values, accounting for uncertainty. More robust than simple methods for complex missingness patterns.
Which visualization shows the distribution of a variable across categories?
- Box Plot
- Violin Plot
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
Box plots show median, quartiles, outliers; violin plots add density estimation. Both effective for comparing distributions across categories. Critical for exploratory data analysis.
Which pattern enables microservices to communicate asynchronously using message queues?
- REST APIs
- Event-Driven Architecture
- gRPC
- Both B and C
Answer: Event-Driven Architecture
Event-driven architecture uses message brokers (Kafka, RabbitMQ) for decoupled, asynchronous service communication. Enables scalability, resilience, and real-time processing.
Which service provides managed relational databases with automatic backups and scaling?
- RDS
- Cloud SQL
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
Managed databases (AWS RDS, GCP Cloud SQL) handle provisioning, patching, backups, scaling. Reduces operational overhead vs self-managed databases. Critical for cloud application development.
Which technique identifies phishing emails by analyzing sender reputation and content patterns?
- SPF/DKIM
- Machine Learning
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
Email security combines: SPF/DKIM for authentication, ML for content analysis, heuristics for known patterns. Layered defense critical for phishing protection.
Which practice ensures ML models are versioned alongside code and data for reproducibility?
- DVC
- MLflow
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
MLOps tools: DVC versions data and models, MLflow tracks experiments and deployments. Combined with Git for end-to-end reproducibility. Critical for enterprise ML governance.
Which technique enables LLMs to generate structured outputs like JSON from natural language?
- Function Calling
- Structured Output Parsing
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
Structured output: function calling defines schemas for LLM responses, parsing libraries validate/extract structured data. Critical for integrating LLMs with APIs and databases.
Which principle ensures technology regulations are proportionate to risks posed?
- Proportionality
- Technology Neutrality
- Risk-Based Approach
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Effective tech policy: proportionate to actual risks, technology-neutral (focus on outcomes), risk-based (higher scrutiny for higher-risk activities). Critical for balanced policy design.
Which body oversees cybersecurity policy and coordination in India?
- CERT-In
- NCIIPC
- Both A and B
- MeitY
Answer: Both A and B
CERT-In handles cyber incident response; NCIIPC (National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre) protects critical infrastructure. Both under MeitY for cybersecurity governance.
Which technique handles imbalanced datasets by adjusting class weights during training?
- Oversampling
- Undersampling
- Class Weighting
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Imbalance handling: oversampling (SMOTE) increases minority, undersampling reduces majority, class weighting adjusts loss function. Choice depends on data size and model type.
Which metric is most appropriate for evaluating regression models?
- Accuracy
- Precision
- RMSE
- F1 Score
Answer: RMSE
Regression metrics: RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) penalizes large errors, MAE for robustness, R² for variance explained. Choice depends on business impact of errors.