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Which technique handles missing data by modeling the missingness mechanism?
- Mean Imputation
- Multiple Imputation
- Model-Based Imputation
- All of these
Answer: Model-Based Imputation
Model-based imputation (MICE, Bayesian) models relationships between variables to predict missing values, accounting for uncertainty. More robust than simple methods for complex missingness patterns.
Which pattern enables microservices to communicate asynchronously using message queues?
- REST APIs
- Event-Driven Architecture
- gRPC
- Both B and C
Answer: Event-Driven Architecture
Event-driven architecture uses message brokers (Kafka, RabbitMQ) for decoupled, asynchronous service communication. Enables scalability, resilience, and real-time processing.
The technique that enables LLMs to learn from feedback without explicit labels is called ________ Learning.
- Reinforcement / RLHF
- Multimodal
- Reinforcement
- Building Energy / BEMS
Answer: Reinforcement / RLHF
Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) trains reward models from human preferences, then optimizes LLM to maximize rewards. Critical for aligning AI with human values.
Which principle ensures technology regulations are proportionate to risks posed?
- Proportionality
- Technology Neutrality
- Risk-Based Approach
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Effective tech policy: proportionate to actual risks, technology-neutral (focus on outcomes), risk-based (higher scrutiny for higher-risk activities). Critical for balanced policy design.
Which technique handles imbalanced datasets by adjusting class weights during training?
- Oversampling
- Undersampling
- Class Weighting
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Imbalance handling: oversampling (SMOTE) increases minority, undersampling reduces majority, class weighting adjusts loss function. Choice depends on data size and model type.
Which pattern enables stateless microservices to scale independently based on load?
- Stateless Design
- Horizontal Scaling
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
Stateless microservices store session data externally (Redis, database), enabling horizontal scaling by adding instances. Critical for elastic, resilient cloud applications.
The technique that enables LLMs to generate multiple plausible responses and select the best is called ________ Sampling.
- -a
- Stake
- kube-scheduler
- Beam / Nucleus
Answer: Beam / Nucleus
Advanced decoding: beam search explores multiple hypotheses, nucleus (top-p) sampling truncates low-probability tokens. Balance diversity and coherence in text generation.
Which framework provides guidelines for ethical AI development adopted by India?
- OECD AI Principles
- UNESCO AI Ethics
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
India endorses OECD AI Principles (2019) and UNESCO Recommendation on AI Ethics (2021). Both emphasize human rights, transparency, accountability, sustainability. Critical for AI governance.
Which technique handles time series forecasting with seasonal patterns?
- ARIMA
- Prophet
- LSTM
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Time series methods: ARIMA for stationary series, Prophet for seasonality/holidays, LSTM for complex patterns. Choice depends on data characteristics and forecast horizon.
Which pattern enables gradual traffic shifting between application versions for safe deployments?
- Blue-Green
- Canary
- Feature Flags
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Safe deployment patterns: blue-green (instant switch), canary (gradual rollout), feature flags (toggle functionality). Combined for zero-downtime, low-risk releases. Critical for DevOps practices.
The technique that enables LLMs to reason about visual inputs by combining vision and language models is called ________.
- SWAYAM / NPTEL
- e-Sign / Aadhaar e-KYC
- dimensions
- Multimodal Learning
Answer: Multimodal Learning
Multimodal models (CLIP, LLaVA) process text, images, audio jointly, enabling visual question answering, image captioning, and cross-modal retrieval. Critical for next-gen AI applications.
Which technique handles high-cardinality categorical variables efficiently?
- One-Hot Encoding
- Target Encoding
- Embedding Layers
- All of these
Answer: All of these
High-cardinality handling: one-hot for low cardinality, target encoding for medium, embeddings for high (deep learning). Choice depends on model type and cardinality. Critical for feature preprocessing.
Which disaster recovery strategy maintains a fully operational standby environment in another region?
- Backup and Restore
- Pilot Light
- Warm Standby
- Multi-Site Active-Active
Answer: Multi-Site Active-Active
Active-active runs full workload in multiple regions simultaneously, enabling instant failover with zero RPO/RTO. Highest cost but maximum resilience. Critical for mission-critical systems.
The technique that enables LLMs to plan and execute multi-step tasks autonomously is called ________ Agents.
- Device Posture
- Red Team / Penetration
- AI / Autonomous
- Partitioning
Answer: AI / Autonomous
AI agents combine LLMs with planning, tool use, memory for autonomous task execution. Applications: research assistants, customer service, workflow automation. Critical for next-gen AI systems.
Which framework provides guidelines for interoperable digital identity systems globally?
- ISO/IEC 24760
- W3C DID
- Both A and B
- Neither
Answer: Both A and B
ISO/IEC 24760 provides identity management framework; W3C DID enables decentralized identifiers. Both support interoperable, privacy-preserving digital identity systems. Critical for identity policy questions.
Which technique handles class imbalance by generating synthetic minority samples?
- Undersampling
- Oversampling
- SMOTE
- Class Weighting
Answer: SMOTE
SMOTE (Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique) creates synthetic examples by interpolating between minority class neighbors. Improves classifier performance on imbalanced data vs simple oversampling.
Which architecture enables event-driven communication between microservices using message brokers?
- REST APIs
- gRPC
- Event-Driven Architecture
- Monolithic
Answer: Event-Driven Architecture
Event-driven architecture uses message brokers (Kafka, RabbitMQ) for asynchronous, decoupled service communication. Enables scalability, resilience, and real-time processing. Critical for modern distributed systems.
Which technique enables automated analysis of malware behavior in isolated environments?
- Static Analysis
- Dynamic Analysis
- Sandboxing
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Malware analysis combines: static (code inspection), dynamic (runtime behavior), sandboxing (isolated execution). Critical for threat intelligence and incident response.
The technique that compresses large models by removing redundant parameters while preserving performance is called Model ________.
- Doping
- e₹-UPI / Digital Rupee
- Incident
- Pruning
Answer: Pruning
Model pruning removes low-importance weights/neurons, reducing size and inference cost. Combined with quantization for efficient edge deployment. Critical for scalable AI systems.
Which principle ensures technology regulations adapt to innovation without stifling development?
- Technology Neutrality
- Proportionality
- Future-Proofing
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Effective tech policy: technology-neutral (focus on outcomes), proportionate to risks, adaptable to innovation. Balances consumer protection with innovation incentives. Critical for policy design.