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Answer: Natural Gas
Natural gas is a hydrocarbon fossil fuel formed from ancient organic matter, unlike ethanol, hydrogen, or biodiesel which can be renewable.
Answer: Potential for carbon neutrality
Biofuels can be carbon-neutral if the CO2 released during combustion is offset by CO2 absorbed during feedstock growth.
Answer: Intermittency and variability of wind
Wind speed fluctuations cause variable power output, requiring grid management strategies like storage, forecasting, and backup generation.
Answer: China
China leads in hydroelectric generation, with massive projects like the Three Gorges Dam contributing significantly to its energy mix.
Answer: It is intermittent and depends on weather/daylight
Solar power generation is affected by cloud cover, night time, and seasonal variations, requiring storage or backup systems.
Answer: Nilgiri
The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve in the Western Ghats provides critical habitat for the endemic and endangered Lion-tailed Macaque.
Answer: Satpura
While Satpura is a Tiger Reserve now (added later), historically Pench, Panna, and Bandipur were earlier declared; however, as of recent updates, all are Tiger Reserves. For exam purposes, Satpura was added later than others.
Answer: Bharatpur (Keoladeo) National Park
Keoladeo Ghana National Park in Rajasthan is a UNESCO site and major wintering ground for migratory birds, including historically the Siberian Crane.
Answer: Nilgiri
The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve spans parts of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Karnataka, encompassing diverse ecosystems of the Western Ghats.
Answer: Hemis National Park
Hemis National Park, the largest in India, is in Ladakh and is famous for snow leopards and high-altitude biodiversity.
Answer: Biodiversity, climate change, land degradation, and other global environmental issues
GEF is a financial mechanism for several conventions, funding projects in biodiversity, climate, land, chemicals, and international waters.
Answer: Kyoto Protocol
The Kyoto Protocol (1997) assigned binding emission reduction targets to Annex I (developed) countries for 2008-2012.
Answer: UNFCCC
CBDR acknowledges that while all states share responsibility for environmental protection, developed countries have greater historical emissions and capacity to act.
Answer: Convention on Migratory Species (CMS)
CMS, also known as the Bonn Convention, aims to conserve terrestrial, marine, and avian migratory species throughout their range.
Answer: Prior Informed Consent procedure for hazardous chemicals and pesticides
The Rotterdam Convention promotes shared responsibility in international trade of hazardous chemicals through a PIC procedure.
Answer: The polluter bears the cost of preventing and remedying environmental damage
This principle, upheld by the Supreme Court, holds polluters financially responsible for environmental harm they cause.
Answer: Consent to establish and operate for industries discharging effluents
SPCBs grant consent under Sections 25/26 of the Water Act and Sections 21/22 of the Air Act for industrial operations.
Answer: Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
These rules regulate the management, handling, and transboundary movement of hazardous wastes under the umbrella EPA 1986.
Answer: Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) for plastic packaging
EPR makes producers, importers, and brand owners responsible for collecting and managing plastic packaging waste they introduce to the market.
Answer: Central Government
Section 3 of the EPA 1986 empowers the Central Government to take all necessary measures for environmental protection and improvement.