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Which fund under UNFCCC specifically supports developing countries in meeting the costs of climate change adaptation?
- Green Climate Fund
- Adaptation Fund
- Least Developed Countries Fund
- Special Climate Change Fund
Answer: Adaptation Fund
Adaptation Fund (established under Kyoto Protocol) finances concrete adaptation projects in vulnerable developing countries. Funded by 2% share of CDM proceeds and donations. India has accessed funds for community-based adaptation. [[MoEFCC, UNFCCC Reports]]
Integrated disease surveillance under One Health monitors pathogens at the ________ interface to prevent spillover events.
- Human-Animal-Environment
- Urban-Rural
- Land-Water
- Local-Global
Answer: Human-Animal-Environment
One Health surveillance links human health, veterinary, wildlife, environmental data to detect zoonotic threats early (e.g., Nipah, avian flu). India's IDSP incorporates animal health components. [[MoHFW, MoEFCC Reports]]
True or False: Supercritical CO₂ extraction is used to obtain caffeine-free coffee and essential oils without toxic solvent residues.
- True
- False
Answer: True
scCO₂ is non-toxic, non-flammable, easily removed by depressurization. Selective extraction by tuning pressure/temperature. Widely adopted in food, pharma, cosmetics industries. Embodies green chemistry principles. [[NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
High-temperature superconductors typically belong to which material class?
- Cuprates
- Iron-based pnictides
- Nickelates
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Cuprates (e.g., YBCO, Tc~90K), iron pnictides (e.g., SmFeAsO, Tc~55K), nickelates (recent discovery) exhibit superconductivity above liquid nitrogen temperature. Mechanism remains unsolved; key for lossless power transmission. [[NCERT Physics Class 12, DST Reports]]
The National Digital Literacy Mission measures competency in using digital devices, internet, and ________ services.
- Banking
- Government
- Healthcare
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Digital literacy includes accessing e-governance (DigiLocker, UMANG), digital payments (UPI), teleconsultations. PMGDISHA curriculum covers these practical skills for rural empowerment. [[MeitY Reports]]
True or False: Mainstreaming climate action into sectoral policies (energy, transport, agriculture) is essential for achieving India's NDCs.
- True
- False
Answer: True
NDCs require cross-ministerial coordination: renewable targets (MNRE), EV promotion (DHI), climate-smart agriculture (MoA). NITI Aayog facilitates policy coherence. Critical for credible, implementable climate strategy. [[NITI Aayog, MoEFCC Reports]]
AI-driven drug repurposing identifies new uses for existing drugs by analyzing:
- Molecular similarity
- Gene expression signatures
- Clinical trial data
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Machine learning integrates chemical, genomic, clinical data to predict drug-disease associations. Accelerates therapy discovery (e.g., baricitinib for COVID-19). CSIR-OSDD pioneered open-source repurposing platforms. [[CSIR, ICMR Reports]]
Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAF) can be produced from ________ via Fischer-Tropsch synthesis.
- Coal
- Natural gas
- Biomass/waste
- All of these
Answer: Biomass/waste
SAF from agricultural residues, municipal waste, algae via thermochemical/biochemical routes. Drop-in fuels compatible with existing aircraft; reduce lifecycle emissions by up to 80%. India's SAF policy under development. [[MoCA, MNRE Reports]]
True or False: Space solar power concepts involve collecting solar energy in orbit and beaming it to Earth via microwaves or lasers.
- True
- False
Answer: True
SBSP offers 24/7 baseload renewable power, independent of weather. Challenges: launch costs, in-space assembly, wireless power transmission efficiency. ISRO studies feasibility; global interest growing. [[ISRO Reports, NCERT Physics Class 12]]
Jan Dhan-Aadhaar-Mobile (JAM) trinity aims to:
- Reduce leakages in welfare schemes
- Enable direct benefit transfers
- Promote financial inclusion
- All of these
Answer: All of these
JAM integrates bank accounts (Jan Dhan), biometric ID (Aadhaar), mobile connectivity to deliver subsidies directly, reduce corruption, expand access to formal finance. Foundational for India's welfare architecture. [[NITI Aayog, RBI Reports]]
Effective climate communication tailors messages to audience values, using ________ to motivate action.
- Fear appeals
- Hope-based narratives
- Local examples
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Evidence-based communication: balance urgency with agency, use trusted messengers, connect to local impacts/solutions. Critical for public engagement, policy support. India's climate outreach leverages cultural narratives. [[MoEFCC, NITI Aayog Reports]]
True or False: Neoantigen-based cancer vaccines are designed using tumor-specific mutations identified from a patient's genome.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Neoantigens arise from somatic mutations in tumors; personalized vaccines prime T cells to target them. mRNA platform enables rapid design. Clinical trials show promise in melanoma, glioblastoma. [[ICMR Reports, NCERT Biology Class 12]]
Bioleaching uses ________ to extract metals from low-grade ores and electronic waste.
- Acidophilic bacteria
- Fungi
- Algae
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Microorganisms (e.g., Acidithiobacillus) oxidize sulfide minerals, solubilizing Cu, Au, rare earths. Eco-friendly alternative to smelting; applied in e-waste recycling. CSIR-IMMT leads Indian research in biohydrometallurgy. [[CSIR Reports, NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]
Exascale computing systems perform at least ________ floating-point operations per second.
- 10¹⁵
- 10¹⁸
- 10²¹
- 10²⁴
Answer: 10¹⁸
Exascale = 10¹⁸ FLOPS; enables complex simulations: climate modeling, drug discovery, fusion research. India's National Supercomputing Mission aims for exascale capability by 2028. [[MeitY, DST Reports]]
True or False: The ABDM Health Information Exchange (HIE) uses FHIR standards for seamless data sharing among healthcare systems.
- True
- False
Answer: True
FHIR (Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources) is a global standard for exchanging electronic health records. ABDM adopts FHIR to ensure interoperability between public/private providers, labs, pharmacies. [[MoHFW, NHA Reports]]
Physical climate risk assessment evaluates hazards based on:
- Exposure of assets/population
- Vulnerability of systems
- Probability of extreme events
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Risk = Hazard × Exposure × Vulnerability. Used by businesses, governments to prioritize adaptation investments. RBI's climate risk guidelines require banks to assess portfolio exposure. [[RBI, NITI Aayog Reports]]
Deep learning models like DeepVariant improve the accuracy of ________ calling from next-generation sequencing data.
- Gene
- Variant
- Expression
- Methylation
Answer: Variant
DeepVariant uses CNNs to interpret sequencing reads, reducing false positives/negatives in SNP/indel detection. Critical for clinical genomics, population studies. IndiGen project leverages such tools for Indian genome diversity. [[ICMR, DBT Reports]]
True or False: Chemical recycling of plastics breaks polymers into monomers or feedstocks for producing new plastics.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Pyrolysis, gasification, depolymerization convert mixed/contaminated plastics to oils, syngas, monomers. Complements mechanical recycling; enables true circularity. India's Plastic Waste Management Rules encourage advanced recycling. [[MoEFCC Guidelines]]
High-energy astrophysical neutrinos detected by IceCube originate from:
- Blazars
- Supernova remnants
- Gamma-ray bursts
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Neutrinos travel unimpeded from cosmic accelerators, pointing to sources of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays. IceCube's detection of TXS 0506+056 blazar (2018) marked birth of neutrino astronomy. INO will contribute to multi-messenger studies. [[IUCAA Reports]]
India contributes to the Digital Public Goods Alliance by open-sourcing platforms like ________ for global adoption.
- Aadhaar
- UPI
- CoWIN
- All of these
Answer: All of these
DPGA recognizes open-source solutions that advance SDGs. India shares CoWIN (vaccination), UPI (payments), MOSIP (identity) as digital public goods. Promotes South-South cooperation in digital transformation. [[MeitY, NITI Aayog Reports]]