GK Question

polity hard mcq

Constitutional Morality requires protection of minority rights against majoritarian impulses. Which case exemplifies this principle by protecting religious minorities' right to manage their educational institutions?

  1. T.M.A. Pai Foundation v. State of Karnataka (2002)
  2. Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973)
  3. Minerva Mills v. Union of India (1980)
  4. Indira Gandhi v. Raj Narain (1975)

Answer: T.M.A. Pai Foundation v. State of Karnataka (2002)

Minority rights and Constitutional Morality: (a) T.M.A. Pai Foundation (2002): 11-judge bench held religious/linguistic minorities have right to establish and administer educational institutions under Article 30(1), (b) Constitutional Morality application: (i) Protects minority identity and culture against majoritarian homogenization, (ii) Balances minority rights with regulatory standards for educational quality, (iii) State can regulate but not destroy minority character of institutions, (c) Broader principle: Constitutional Morality requires State to: (i) Not impose majoritarian culture, (ii) Protect minority identities, (iii) Promote inclusive development, (d) Other examples: SR Bommai (secularism protects religious minorities), Navtej Singh Johar (LGBTQ+ as minority). Illustrates inclusive constitutionalism: diversity as strength, not weakness.

Topic Constitutional Morality - Minority Rights Protection
Exam Relevance Minority rights and constitutional morality critical for UPSC Mains and Judiciary exams
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