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During Financial Emergency under Article 360, the President can issue directions to reduce salaries of High Court Judges. Which constitutional safeguard ensures judicial independence is not undermined?
- Judges cannot be removed during Emergency
- Salary reduction requires Parliamentary approval
- Judges' tenure and removal procedure remain unchanged
- All of the above
Answer: All of the above
Judicial independence during Financial Emergency: (a) Article 360(4)(b): President may issue directions for reduction of salaries of all government officials including High Court Judges, (b) Safeguards: (i) Judges' tenure protected (Article 217: retirement at 62; removal only via impeachment under Article 124(4) procedure), (ii) Salary reduction requires Parliamentary approval of Financial Emergency proclamation (Article 360(2)), (iii) Reduction temporary; reverts post-Emergency, (iv) Judicial review ensures directions not mala fide or disproportionate, (c) Rationale: Balance fiscal discipline during crisis with institutional independence; assume crisis temporary, safeguards permanent, (d) Historical note: Never invoked; reflects political consensus against using this provision. Illustrates nuanced constitutional design: crisis-responsive measures within framework protecting core institutional independence.