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In which case did the Supreme Court invoke Constitutional Morality to strike down a discriminatory personal law practice, holding that constitutional values of equality and dignity override religious customs?
- Shayara Bano v. Union of India (2017)
- John Vallamattom v. Union of India (2003)
- Danial Latifi v. Union of India (2001)
- Ahmedabad Women Action Group v. Union of India (1997)
Answer: Shayara Bano v. Union of India (2017)
Shayara Bano (Triple Talaq case, 2017): 3:2 majority held instant triple talaq (talaq-e-biddat) unconstitutional: (a) Violates Article 14 (arbitrary, manifestly unreasonable), (b) Not essential practice of Islam protected under Article 25, (c) Constitutional Morality (equality, dignity of Muslim women) overrides discriminatory religious custom. Parliament later enacted Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Act, 2019 criminalizing instant triple talaq. Landmark gender justice judgment.