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Bioleaching uses ________ to extract metals from low-grade ores and electronic waste.
- Acidophilic bacteria
- Fungi
- Algae
- All of these
Answer: All of these
Microorganisms (e.g., Acidithiobacillus) oxidize sulfide minerals, solubilizing Cu, Au, rare earths. Eco-friendly alternative to smelting; applied in e-waste recycling. CSIR-IMMT leads Indian research in biohydrometallurgy. [[CSIR Reports, NCERT Chemistry Class 12]]