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Which statement best describes the trajectory of electoral reforms in Indian democracy?
- Reforms have focused only on technology upgrades like EVMs
- Reforms have evolved through judicial interventions, legislative amendments, and EC initiatives to enhance transparency, accountability, and inclusiveness
- Reforms have reduced the role of political parties in elections
- Reforms have centralized electoral administration under the Union Government
Answer: Reforms have evolved through judicial interventions, legislative amendments, and EC initiatives to enhance transparency, accountability, and inclusiveness
Electoral reforms trajectory: (a) Judicial interventions: ADR case (candidate disclosure), PUCL case (NOTA), Lily Thomas (disqualification), (b) Legislative amendments: 91st Amendment (anti-defection), 106th Amendment (women's reservation), R.P. Act amendments, (c) EC initiatives: SVEEP, VVPAT, c-VIGIL app, ECI guidelines. Goals: (a) Transparency (disclosure, NOTA), (b) Accountability (anti-defection, decriminalization), (c) Inclusiveness (voter education, postal ballot, accessibility). Continuous evolution reflects democratic deepening; challenges remain in implementation, political will, and adapting to new technologies.