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Article 43's directive to secure decent standard of life for workers aligns with social security initiatives like EPFO, ESIC, which provide pension, health insurance, reflecting that dignity of labor requires not just wages but ______ protection against life risks like old age, sickness, unemployment.
- economic
- social
- administrative
- military
Answer: social
Article 43 dignity of labor and social security: (a) Article 43 text: State shall endeavor to secure for all workers, agricultural, industrial or otherwise, work, a living wage, conditions of work ensuring decent standard of life, and full enjoyment of leisure and social and cultural opportunities, (b) Social security rationale: (i) Risk protection: Workers face life risks (old age, sickness, unemployment, disability); social security provides safety net, reduces vulnerability, (ii) Dignity enhancement: Social security enables workers to live with dignity, autonomy, not dependent on charity, family in crisis, (iii) Economic stability: Social security stabilizes consumption, demand; supports economic growth, social cohesion, (c) Social security operationalization: (i) EPFO (Employees' Provident Fund Organisation): Provides retirement pension, provident fund for organized sector workers, (ii) ESIC (Employees' State Insurance Corporation): Provides health insurance, sickness benefit, maternity benefit for low-wage workers, (iii) Code on Social Security, 2020: Consolidates social security laws, extends coverage to gig, platform workers, informal sector, (d) Applications: (i) Portability: Social security benefits portable across jobs, locations; essential for mobile workforce, migrants, (ii) Inclusion: Extending coverage to informal sector, women, marginalized workers advances Article 46 (weaker sections welfare), (iii) Convergence: Linking social security with health, employment, welfare schemes enables holistic support for workers, families, (e) Challenges: (i) Coverage gaps: 90% of workers in informal sector; extending social security requires innovative approaches (portable benefits, community-based schemes), (ii) Adequacy: Benefit levels often insufficient for decent living; require periodic revision, inflation indexing, (iii) Awareness: Many workers unaware of entitlements; require legal literacy campaigns, simplified enrollment, grievance redressal, (f) Illustrates transformative labor policy: Article 43 operationalized through social security; balance between wage protection, risk coverage, fiscal sustainability essential for realizing constitutional vision of decent work, dignity for all workers.