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Article 48A's environmental protection directive informs climate justice jurisprudence: courts recognize intergenerational equity — present generation holds environment in trust for future generations — reflecting that environmental justice requires not just regulatory compliance but ______ responsibility for sustainable development.
- individual
- collective
- administrative
- military
Answer: collective
Article 48A climate justice and intergenerational equity: (a) Article 48A text: State shall endeavor to protect and improve environment and to safeguard forests and wildlife, (b) Intergenerational equity rationale: (i) Trust doctrine: Present generation holds environment in trust for future generations; development must meet present needs without compromising future ability to meet needs, (ii) Precautionary principle: Lack of scientific certainty cannot postpone preventive measures for environmental protection, (iii) Polluter pays principle: Those causing pollution bear cost of remediation, prevention; polluters internalize environmental costs, (c) Collective responsibility dimensions: (i) State duty: Article 48A (DPSP) directs state to protect environment; operationalized through environmental laws, regulatory agencies, (ii) Citizen duty: Article 51A(g) (Fundamental Duty) reminds citizens to protect environment, fostering civic responsibility, (iii) Global cooperation: International agreements (Paris Agreement) reflect shared responsibility for climate action, sustainable development, (d) Applications: (i) Climate litigation: Emerging cases challenge coal projects, emission norms based on right to healthy environment, intergenerational equity, (ii) Sustainable development: Balancing economic growth with ecological sustainability through environmental impact assessments, green technologies, (iii) Community conservation: Local communities, indigenous groups play key role in forest, wildlife conservation; recognize traditional knowledge, rights, (e) Challenges: (i) Development pressures: Balancing infrastructure, industrial growth with environmental protection requires careful assessment, public consultation, (ii) Enforcement gaps: Weak monitoring, penalties limit effectiveness of environmental laws; require institutional strengthening, (iii) Climate urgency: Accelerating climate impacts require adaptive policies, international cooperation beyond traditional environmental protection, (f) Illustrates transformative environmental justice: Article 48A operationalized through climate justice jurisprudence; balance between development needs, environmental protection, intergenerational equity essential for realizing constitutional vision of sustainable development.