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Under Article 154, the executive power of the State is vested in the Governor and exercised by him directly or through officers subordinate to him, but in practice, this power is exercised by the Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister, with Governor acting on their aid and advice under Article 163.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Governor's executive power under Articles 154, 163: (a) Article 154: Executive power of State vested in Governor, exercised directly or through subordinate officers, (b) Article 163: Governor shall act on aid and advice of Council of Ministers, except in limited discretionary situations (appointing CM in hung assembly, recommending President's Rule, etc.), (c) Practical operation: (i) Governor as constitutional head: Ceremonial role, acts on Cabinet advice in normal circumstances, (ii) Council of Ministers: Real executive power, responsible to State Legislature, (iii) Discretionary powers: Limited to specific constitutional situations, not general policy, (d) Applications: (i) Normal governance: Governor appoints Ministers, summons Assembly, gives assent to Bills on Cabinet advice, (ii) Discretionary situations: Hung Assembly, breakdown of constitutional machinery, Governor may exercise independent judgment, (iii) Judicial oversight: Courts can examine whether Governor acted within constitutional limits, not political considerations, (e) Challenges: (i) Political interference: Governors sometimes act as Union agents, undermining State autonomy, (ii) Clarity: Need for clear conventions on discretionary powers to prevent misuse, (iii) Accountability: Ensuring Governors act as constitutional functionaries, not political appointees, (f) Illustrates calibrated federalism: Governor as Union appointee but State constitutional head; balance between national oversight and State autonomy through aid and advice principle, limited discretion.