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In Anuradha Bhasis v. Union of India (2020), the Supreme Court required publication of internet shutdown orders primarily to enable:
- Government propaganda and public relations
- Transparency, judicial review, and public scrutiny of restrictions on digital rights
- Immediate implementation without challenge
- Exclusive access for government officials only
Answer: Transparency, judicial review, and public scrutiny of restrictions on digital rights
Anuradha Bhasis (2020) publication and transparency for digital rights: (a) Context: Challenge to internet shutdowns in Jammu & Kashmir following Article 370 abrogation; issue of transparency in imposing digital restrictions, (b) Supreme Court holding: (i) Internet shutdown orders must be published for transparency and judicial review, (ii) Publication enables: (a) Public scrutiny of government's justification for restrictions, (b) Judicial review of whether restrictions satisfy proportionality test, (c) Democratic accountability through informed public discourse, (iii) Restrictions must satisfy proportionality test: legitimate aim, rational connection, least restrictive alternative, balancing of interests, (c) Applications: (i) J&K internet shutdown case: Court directed publication of orders, periodic review, time-bound restrictions, (ii) Digital governance: DPDP Act, 2023 requires transparency in data processing, government access to data, (iii) Algorithmic accountability: Emerging jurisprudence requires transparency in automated decision-making affecting rights, (d) Rationale: (i) Rule of law: Government action must be transparent, subject to legal scrutiny, not arbitrary, (ii) Rights protection: Publication enables judicial review, public scrutiny to ensure restrictions justified, not overbroad, (iii) Democratic accountability: Informed public discourse essential for democratic accountability in digital governance, (e) Illustrates adaptive constitutionalism: Applying enduring values (transparency, accountability) to emerging technological contexts; publication requirement ensures digital restrictions subject to constitutional scrutiny, democratic oversight.