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In Subhash Kumar v. State of Bihar (1991), the Supreme Court held that right to life under Article 21 includes right to enjoyment of pollution-free water and air, and citizens can file PILs to enforce environmental rights.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Subhash Kumar (1991) right to pollution-free environment: (a) Context: Petition regarding pollution of river Bokaro by industrial effluents; issue of citizens' right to clean environment, (b) Supreme Court holding: (i) Right to life under Article 21 includes right to enjoyment of pollution-free water and air, (ii) Citizens can file PILs to enforce environmental rights, even if not personally affected, if public interest involved, (iii) State has obligation to protect environment, prevent pollution, ensure sustainable development, (c) Applications: (i) Environmental PILs: Enabled citizens, NGOs to challenge industrial pollution, deforestation, environmental degradation, (ii) MC Mehta cases: Built on Subhash Kumar to evolve comprehensive environmental jurisprudence (absolute liability, public trust doctrine, sustainable development), (iii) Institutional mechanisms: National Green Tribunal, Pollution Control Boards established for environmental protection, enforcement, (d) Subsequent developments: (i) Environmental laws: Strengthened through judicial interpretation (Water Act, Air Act, Environment Protection Act), (ii) Climate litigation: Emerging cases challenging coal projects, emission norms based on right to healthy environment, (e) Rationale: (i) Health: Pollution-free environment essential for public health, quality of life, (ii) Sustainability: Environmental protection essential for intergenerational equity, sustainable development, (iii) Democratic participation: PIL enables citizen engagement in environmental governance, accountability, (f) Illustrates transformative constitutionalism: Article 21 interpreted to include environmental rights; PIL enables judicial enforcement of environmental protection through citizen action, State accountability.