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Under the Protection of Human Rights Act (as amended in 2019), the NHRC Chairperson must be a retired ______, and members include persons with expertise in human rights, law, public administration.
- Chief Justice of India
- Judge of Supreme Court
- Chief Justice of a High Court
- Senior civil servant
Answer: Chief Justice of India
NHRC composition and appointment: (a) Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 (amended 2019): Specifies NHRC composition, appointment process, (b) Composition: (i) Chairperson: Must be retired Chief Justice of India, (ii) Members: (a) One serving/retired Supreme Court Judge, (b) One serving/retired High Court Chief Justice, (c) Two persons with human rights expertise (at least one woman), (iii) Ex-officio members: Chairpersons of National Commissions for Minorities, SCs, STs, Women, (c) Appointment process: Appointed by President on recommendation of committee: (i) Prime Minister (Chairperson), (ii) Speaker of Lok Sabha, (iii) Home Minister, (iv) Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha/Rajya Sabha, (v) Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha, (d) Independence safeguards: (i) Fixed tenure (3 years or until age 70), (ii) Removal only by President on grounds of misbehaviour/incapacity after Supreme Court inquiry, (iii) Salary/status equivalent to constitutional functionaries, (e) Applications: (i) Inquiry powers: NHRC investigates human rights violations, recommends compensation, prosecution, policy changes, (ii) Advisory role: NHRC advises government on human rights policy, legislation, international obligations, (f) Illustrates institutional design: Judicial leadership, multi-member composition, independent appointment process protect NHRC independence for effective human rights protection.