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The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) has powers of a civil court for inquiry but its recommendations are not binding on governments; implementation depends on executive action and ______ oversight.
- judicial
- legislative
- executive
- media
Answer: judicial
NHRC powers and limitations: (a) Constitutional/statutory basis: Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 (amended 2019); NHRC is statutory body (not constitutional), (b) Powers: (i) Inquiry: Can summon witnesses, require documents, receive evidence on affidavits (powers of civil court), (ii) Recommendations: Can recommend compensation, prosecution, policy changes to governments, (c) Limitations: (i) Non-binding recommendations: Governments not legally bound to implement NHRC recommendations; implementation depends on executive action, (ii) Judicial oversight: Courts can enforce NHRC recommendations through writ jurisdiction (Articles 32, 226) if rights violated, (iii) Resource constraints: Limited staff, infrastructure affect inquiry capacity, (d) Applications: (i) Custodial violence: NHRC inquiries lead to compensation, disciplinary action against officials, (ii) Policy reform: NHRC recommendations on prison reforms, mental healthcare, disability rights influence legislation, (e) Illustrates accountability architecture: NHRC as independent investigator provides evidence, recommendations; judicial enforcement, political pressure drive implementation.