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Indian courts increasingly recognize intersectional vulnerabilities (e.g., Dalit women, disabled LGBTQ+ persons) and interpret Article 14 to address compounded discrimination by combining special provisions under Articles 15(3) for women/children and 15(4) for ______.
- religious minorities
- SC/ST/OBC
- economic weaker sections
- senior citizens
Answer: SC/ST/OBC
Intersectionality in equality jurisprudence: (a) Concept: Disadvantages multiply across identities (caste + gender + disability + sexuality); rights protection must address compounded discrimination, (b) Constitutional basis: (i) Article 15(3): State can make special provisions for women and children, (ii) Article 15(4)/(5): Special provisions for SC/ST/OBC, (iii) Interpreted together for intersectional protection (e.g., Dalit women, disabled LGBTQ+ persons), (c) Judicial recognition: (i) Cases on sexual violence against Dalit women: Courts recognize caste-gender intersection in sentencing, compensation, (ii) NALSA judgment: Recognized transgender persons as third gender with reservation, combining gender identity with social disadvantage, (iii) RPwD Act: Provisions for gender-specific needs of disabled persons, (d) Applications: (i) Policy design: Targeted schemes for intersectionally marginalized groups (e.g., Dalit women entrepreneurs, disabled SC/ST students), (ii) Data disaggregation: Collecting data by caste, gender, disability to identify compounded disadvantage, (iii) Institutional mechanisms: Commissions (NCW, NCSC, NCPCR) coordinate on intersectional issues, (e) Challenges: (i) Data gaps: Limited disaggregated data on intersectional groups, (ii) Policy silos: Schemes designed for single-axis disadvantage, not compounded, (iii) Awareness: Officials, citizens need training on intersectional discrimination, (f) Illustrates adaptive equality jurisprudence: Article 14 interpreted to address complex, layered inequalities through integrated protection.