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In Olga Tellis v. Bombay Municipal Corporation (1985), the Supreme Court held that right to livelihood is integral to right to life under Article 21 because no person can live without the means of living. This principle is operationalized through ______ which guarantees 100 days of wage employment per rural household.
- RTE Act
- NFSA
- MGNREGA
- PMAY
Answer: MGNREGA
Right to livelihood jurisprudence: (a) Olga Tellis (1985): Right to livelihood integral to Article 21; eviction without alternative arrangement violates right to life, (b) Board of Trustees of Port of Bombay (1983): Livelihood not absolute; State can regulate in public interest with due procedure, (c) MGNREGA (2005): Operationalizes right to work/livelihood: (i) Guarantees 100 days unskilled manual wage employment per rural household, (ii) Legal right to work with unemployment allowance if work not provided, (iii) Decentralized planning through Gram Sabhas, (iv) Social audit for accountability, (d) Applications: (i) Rural employment: Reduced distress migration, strengthened rural livelihoods, (ii) Women's empowerment: 1/3 participation mandate, equal wages, (iii) Asset creation: Water conservation, rural infrastructure, (e) Challenges: Delayed wage payments, inadequate work provision, corruption in implementation. Illustrates rights operationalization: Constitutional principle (Article 21) translated into statutory entitlement (MGNREGA) with institutional mechanisms for enforcement.