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Under Article 353(b), during a National Emergency, the Union executive power extends to giving directions to any State on the ______ of exercise of its executive power, temporarily enhancing Centre's control for coordinated crisis response while preserving State executive structure.
- complete takeover
- manner
- suspension
- abolition
Answer: manner
Emergency executive federalism: (a) Article 353(b): During National Emergency (Article 352), Union executive power extends to giving directions to any State on 'manner of exercise' of its executive power, (b) Scope: Directions can cover: (i) Implementation of Union laws, (ii) Resource allocation for crisis response, (iii) Administrative coordination across States, (c) Limits: (i) Directions must relate to Emergency purposes (war, external aggression, armed rebellion), (ii) State executive not abolished; only manner guided, preserving institutional structure, (iii) Post-Emergency, federal normalcy restored; State executive resumes full autonomy, (d) Rationale: Ensure unified national response to existential threats while preserving State executive structure for post-crisis restoration; balance between crisis coordination and federal autonomy, (e) Safeguards: (i) Parliamentary approval within 1 month by special majority, (ii) Judicial review (SR Bommai principles apply), (iii) Time limits prevent permanent centralization, (f) Illustrates federal flexibility: Temporary unitary features for crisis management within constitutional framework; balance between national security and State autonomy calibrated through procedural safeguards.