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The Indian Constitution functions as a living document: rooted in enduring values (justice, liberty, equality, fraternity) but adaptive to changing societal needs through judicial interpretation, legislative action, and democratic practice.
- True
- False
Answer: True
Living constitutionalism in India: (a) Enduring values: Preamble ideals, basic structure doctrine, human dignity provide normative foundation transcending transient political majorities, (b) Adaptive mechanisms: (i) Judicial interpretation: Courts expand rights (Article 21 as umbrella right), apply proportionality test, protect marginalized groups, (ii) Legislative action: Amendments (103rd-106th), rights-based laws (RTE, NFSA, POCSO, DPDP) operationalize values, (iii) Executive implementation: Welfare schemes, institutional mechanisms (NHRC, NCPCR), (iv) Democratic practice: Citizen engagement, PIL, RTI, advocacy empower citizens to claim rights, (c) Contemporary relevance: Digital age (privacy, inclusion), climate crisis (environmental rights), identity politics (intersectional discrimination) — Constitution adapts through democratic practice while preserving core identity, (d) Balance: Flexibility for crisis response vs rigidity for democratic preservation. Illustrates constitutional resilience: enabling evolution without rupture, adaptation without abandonment of core values. Essential for UPSC Mains conceptual mastery.