The Tendulkar Committee (2009) shifted the methodology for estimating poverty in India away from the traditional calorie-intake norm to a broader consumption basket that included expenditures on ___ and ___.

Answer: health and education

Earlier poverty lines (like the Lakdawala Committee) focused almost exclusively on the cost of acquiring a minimum number of calories. The Tendulkar Committee recognized that modern poverty involves deprivations beyond mere starvation. It adopted a uniform poverty line basket across rural and urban areas that explicitly accounted for the rising costs of essential health and education services.